La travesía del desierto: la prensa socialista (1886-1900)

Depto. de Historia, Teorías y Geografías PolíticasFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

De cómo un aprendiz de tipógrafo se hizo socialista: Juan José Morato

Recoge los contenidos presentados a: Coloquios de Historia Madrileña (3. 1987)Depto. de Historia, Teorías y Geografías PolíticasFac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

La formación profesional de trabajadores en el extranjero, 1903-1936: (III) La madurez de un sistema, 1920-1928

Desde comienzos de siglo, España inició la singular experiencia de enviar expediciones primero de obreros, luego de éstos y de ingenieros y técnicos pensionados al extranjero para trabajar en los oficios e industrias mejor organizadas y adelantadas con el fin de adquirir y/o completar una formación profesional aprovechable después en las fábricas y talleres españoles. En este articulo, se analizan, entre otras cuestiones, los planteamientos de partida, las cambiantes fórmulas de selección de pensionados y de instituciones para realizar las expediciones; las problemáticas suscitadas en los lugares de trabajo en los países de destino; las soluciones buscadas y sus efectos, los resultados a la vuelta a España... todo ello para las expediciones del tercer periodo de esta experiencia, años 1920-1928, dado que los dos periodos anteriores, 1903-1910 y 1910-1920 se estudiaron en los números 69 y 73 de esta revista. Abstract:Since the beginning of the XX century, Spain was developing the singular experience of sending abroad expeditions of workers. Later on, expeditions of engineers and technical staff pensioned were send abroad too in order to be employed at skills and industries better organized and advanced to acquire and/or to complete a usable vocational training to develop back in the factories and workshops of Spain. In tow previous articles (see Issues 69 and 73 of this journal), the initial approach to the question, the changing ways of pensioners and institutions selection, the problems in the destination workplaces, and the solutions given to these and others questions were examined, in a time period from 1903 to 1920. This article presents a third part of the same research topic, where the same pattern of analysis will be displayed for the subsequent years, 1920 -1928

El socialismo madrileño hace un siglo: un anhelo de reformas

Not available<br><br>Dos ideas básicas subyacen en este texto. Los años 1900-1904 marcan el inicio en España de un proceso sistemático de promulgación de textos normativos en materia laboral y de creación de instituciones y cauces para su aplicación. Es decir, comienza el intervencionismo legal del Estado en la cuestión obrera. Coincidiendo con el cambio también se detecta, en el movimiento socialista español en general y en el madrileño en particular, la cristalización de una estrategia reformista coincidente con el inicio de un significativo despegue en cuanto a su implantación.<br />A la puesta en relación de ambas cuestiones dedicaremos las siguientes páginas

Factors affecting the concordance between orthologous gene trees and species tree in bacteria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>As originally defined, orthologous genes implied a reflection of the history of the species. In recent years, many studies have examined the concordance between orthologous gene trees and species trees in bacteria. These studies have produced contradictory results that may have been influenced by orthologous gene misidentification and artefactual phylogenetic reconstructions. Here, using a method that allows the detection and exclusion of false positives during identification of orthologous genes, we address the question of whether putative orthologous genes within bacteria really reflect the history of the species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We identified a set of 370 orthologous genes from the bacterial order <it>Rhizobiales</it>. Although manifesting strong vertical signal, almost every orthologous gene had a distinct phylogeny, and the most common topology among the orthologous gene trees did not correspond with the best estimate of the species tree. However, each orthologous gene tree shared an average of 70% of its bipartitions with the best estimate of the species tree. Stochastic error related to gene size affected the concordance between the best estimated of the species tree and the orthologous gene trees, although this effect was weak and distributed unevenly among the functional categories. The nodes showing the greatest discordance were those defined by the shortest internal branches in the best estimated of the species tree. Moreover, a clear bias was evident with respect to the function of the orthologous genes, and the degree of divergence among the orthologous genes appeared to be related to their functional classification.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Orthologous genes do not reflect the history of the species when taken as individual markers, but they do when taken as a whole. Stochastic error affected the concordance of orthologous genes with the species tree, albeit weakly. We conclude that two important biological causes of discordance among orthologous genes are incomplete lineage sorting and functional restriction.</p

New records of Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Aves, Podicipedidae) south of its currently known distribution in Argentina

We report on 4 records of the Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766), to the south of its theoretical distributional limit in Córdoba Province, Argentina. In recent years, these records and others uploaded to citizen science platforms suggest that this species’ distribution extends south of its currently known range.Fil: Castillo, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Costas, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Toledo, Javier Martín. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Giaquinta, Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin

La transformación del FMI

El FMI ha experimentado una importante transformación desde el estallido de la crisis financiera internacional para mejor abordar los retos a los que se enfrentará en el siglo XXI. En este ARI se abordan las transformaciones recientes del FMI en su adaptación a la crisis financiera internacional: (1) la reforma en la financiación del FMI; (2) el cambio en el enfoque del fondo en materia de política fiscal; (3) los cambios en la posición sobre controles de capitales; y (4) los cambios en la gobernanza de la institución. La principal conclusión es que el FMI, en respuesta a la que ha sido una de las crisis más complejas y profundas de las últimas décadas, se ha dotado de un marco más flexible y un enfoque más pragmático en la formulación de recomendaciones de política económica y condicionalidad de los programas; sin embargo, es necesario profundizar esta transformación, especialmente en el ámbito de la gobernanza de la institución –para acomodar la mayor influencia de los países emergentes y en desarrollo–, aspecto donde los avances han sido mucho más lentos

Thermal Sensations in Cienfuegos Province (Cuba)

Los estudios referentes a las sensaciones térmicas son de gran interés y utilidad en diferentes sectores de la sociedad, máxime en la provincia Cienfuegos (Cuba) donde existe un alto potencial económico en continuo desarrollo. Es por eso que este trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar temporal y espacialmente las sensaciones térmicas en horarios extremos del día en la provincia Cienfuegos durante el período 1981-2010. Para ello se calcularon los índices bioclimáticos Temperatura Efectiva-TE y Temperatura Efectiva Equivalente-TEE los cuales resultan adecuados para evaluar las sensaciones térmicas de los cubanos aclimatados a las condiciones cálidas y húmedas. Como principales resultados se obtuvo que en la provincia, las mañanas de noviembre a abril son generalmente frescas mientras las tardes de ese período pueden ser confortables o calurosas. Esta última situación es común en las mañanas de mayo a octubre cambiando a calurosas o muy calurosas en horas de la tarde. Las mayores diferencias espaciales se encontraron entre el litoral sur oriental y la zona montañosa resaltando esta última por una permanencia de sensaciones frescas o confortables.The studies relating to thermal sensations are interesting and useful for different society sectors, especially in Cienfuegos province where a high economic potential in continuous development exist. For that reason this work has the objective to make a temporally and spatially characterization of thermal sensations in extremes hours of a day in Cienfuegos province in the period 1981-2010. Were calculated the bioclimatic index Effective Temperature- TE and Equivalent Effective Temperature- TEE, which fit to evaluate the Cuban people thermal sensations, whom are acclimatized to hot and humid conditions. The principal results shows that in the mornings of November to April are fresh whereas the afternoons are comforting and warming. This last situation is common in the mornings of May to October turning to warming and very warming in the afternoons. The high spatial differences were found between southeastern coastal area and mountain zone, standing out this last one for a permanence of fresh and comforting sensations

Assessment of habitat quality and landscape connectivity for forest-dependent cracids in the Sierra Madre del Sur Mesoamerican biological corridor, Mexico

Assessing landscape connectivity allows us to identify critical areas that impede or facilitate the movement of organisms and their genes and to plan their conservation and management. In this article, we assessed landscape connectivity and ecological condition of the habitat patches of a highly biodiverse region in Chiapas, Mexico. We employed data of three cracid species with different characteristics in habitat use and mobility. The habitat map of each species was derived from a spatial intersection of the models of potential distribution and a high-resolution map of current land cover and land use. The ecological condition of vegetation types was evaluated using 75 field plots. Structure of landscape was estimated by fragmentation metrics, while functional connectivity was assessed using spatially explicit graph analysis. The extent of suitable habitat for Oreophasis derbianus, Penelopina nigra, and Penelope purpurascens correspond to 25%, 46%, and 55% of the study area (5,185.6 km2), respectively. Although the pine-oak forests were the most fragmented vegetation type, habitats of the three species were well connected, and only 4% to 9% of the fragments located on the periphery of the corridor had low connectivity. Landscape connectivity depends mainly on land uses with an intermediate and lower ecological condition (secondary forests and coffee agroforestry systems). Therefore, we suggest that in addition to promoting the improvement in connectivity in fragmented forests, conservation efforts should be aimed at preventing the conversion of mature forests into agricultural uses and maintaining agroforestry systems

Highly Reliable Quadruple-Node Upset-Tolerant D-Latch

This work was supported in part by the Spanish MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER under Grant PID2020-117344RB-I00, and in part by the Regional Government under Grant P20_00265 and Grant P20_00633.As CMOS technology scaling pushes towards the reduction of the length of transistors, electronic circuits face numerous reliability issues, and in particular nodes of D-latches at nano-scale confront multiple-node upset errors due to their operation in harsh radiative environments. In this manuscript, a new high reliable D-latch which can tolerate quadruple-node upsets is presented. The design is based on a low-cost single event double-upset tolerant (LSEDUT) cell and a clock-gating triple-level soft-error interceptive module (CG-SIM). Due to its LSEDUT base, it can tolerate two upsets, but the combination of two LSEDUTs and the triple-level CG-SIM provides the proposed D-latch with remarkable quadruple-node upsets (QNU) tolerance. Applying LSEDUTs for designing a QNU-tolerant D-latch improves considerably its features; in particular, this approach enhances its reliability against process variations, such as threshold voltage and (W/L) transistor variability, compared to previous QNU-tolerant D-latches and double-node-upset tolerant latches. Furthermore, the proposed D-latch not only tolerates QNUs, but it also features a clear advantage in comparison with the previous clock gating-based quadruple-node-upset-tolerant (QNUTL-CG) D-latch: it can mask single event transients. Speci c gures of merit endorse the gains introduced by the new design: compared with the QNUTL-CG D-latch, the improvements of the maximum standard deviations of the gate delay, induced by threshold voltage and (W/L) transistors variability of the proposed D-latch, are 13.8% and 5.7%, respectively. Also, the proposed D-latch has 23% lesser maximum standard deviation in power consumption, resulting from threshold voltage variability, when compared to the QNUTL-CG D-latch.Spanish MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER under Grant PID2020-117344RB-I00Regional Government under Grant P20_00265 and Grant P20_0063