Constrangimentos fisiológicos na produção de som no xarroco

Mestrado em Biologia AplicadaO Sucesso reprodutivo dos machos territoriais do xarroco dependem da sua capacidade vocal. Para a produção de vocalizações são utilizados músculos sónicos intrínsecos à parede da bexiga-natatória, cuja frequência de contração pode atingir valores superiores a 100 Hz e são por isso conhecidos como os músculos mais rápidos entre todos os vertebrados. Com este estudo pretendese averiguar se a capacidade fisiológica de produção de som é diferente no inverno e na época reprodutiva, assim como entre juvenis e adultos. Para este efeito estimulámos o nervo sónico de indivíduos jovens e adultos, no inverno e na época reprodutiva, com uma sequência de sirenes artificiais simulando a frequência, duração e taxa de vocalizações naturais. O movimento de contração do músculo sónico foi registado recorrendo a um transdutor de força e, simultaneamente foi registado o som produzido. Esperávamos que machos adultos de verão produzissem sons de maior amplitude e fossem mais resistentes à fadiga do que machos adultos de Inverno. Não esperávamos encontrar estas diferenças sazonais em juvenis pré-reprodutivos. No entanto, esperávamos que machos juvenis no geral produzissem sons de menor amplitude e fossem menos resistentes à fadiga. Em paralelo à estimulação do nervo sónico para produção de som, foi realizada a caracterização histológica e histoquímica das fibras do músculo sónico para cada um destes grupos de modo a procurar eventuais diferenças estruturais que justificassem as diferenças esperadas. Machos de verão, tanto adultos como juvenis demonstraram ter uma melhor performance vocal em termos amplitude de som. A fadiga muscular parece não variar com a estação do ano mas é, no entanto, mais acentuada em juvenis. Os resultados referentes ao movimento de contração do músculo sónico mostram que, para além da contração rápida correspondente à frequência de estimulação, este músculo apresenta uma contração lenta e sustida não descrita para outras espécies deste género. Os cortes histológicos apresentam uma distribuição heterogénea das fibras. Machos de verão apresentam mais sarcoplasma na época reprodutiva que os indivíduos de inverno, fêmeas e juvenis. Machos de inverno e verão apresentam fibras de maior diâmetro que juvenis. As fibras do músculo sónico têm uma forma poligonal e um centro de sarcoplasma rodeado de miofibrilhas. A presença de fibras em remodelação e possível divisão em xarrocos adultos nunca tinha sido descrita nesta espécie. Machos adultos de inverno, assim como machos adultos de verão que não apresentam uma alta taxa de vocalizações naturais, aparentam ter fibras mais lentas que machos adultos de verão com grande performance vocal. Não foi possível determinar o mecanismo responsável pela contração lenta e sustida do músculo sónico. No entanto, postulamos que este fenómeno terá um papel importante na ampliação e radiação do som produzido.Male territorial Lusitanian toadfish depend on their vocal capability for reproductive success. Sound is produced by a pair of sonic muscles intrinsic to the swimbladder walls, which contract as fast as 100Hz. and are therefore considerate to be among the fastest muscles in vertebrates. In this study we aimed to investigate if the physiological ability for sound production is different in the winter and in the breeding season, as well as in juveniles and adults. In that vein we have stimulated the sonic nerve of both adults and juveniles, during the winter and breading season, with sequences of artificial boatwhistles simulating the frequency, duration and rate of natural calls. The sonic muscle contraction movement was recorded using a force transducer. Simultaneously, we have recorded the produced sound. We expected that the breading adult males would be able to produce sound of higher amplitude and to be more resistant to fatigue then the non reproductive winter adult males, however we didn’t expect to find seasonal differences in pre-reproductive juveniles males. However, it was expected for juvenile males to produce sounds of lower amplitude and to be less resistant to fatigue than adult males in general. We have also examined the histology and histochemistry of sonic muscle fibers to search for eventual morphological differences between these groups in order to justify the expected differences in physiological ability for muscle contractions. Summer males, both adults and juveniles, showed a better performance in terms of a higher sound amplitude. The muscle fatigue didn’t seem to change between seasons but is more pronounced in juveniles than adults. The contraction movement of the sonic muscle results shows the expected fast contractions that follow the stimulation frequency and also a slow and sustained contraction that hasn’t been described in any other toadfish specie. Histological sections of the sonic muscle show fibers that are arranged in several orientations. Summer males sonic muscle fibers have higher sarcoplasm area than winter individuals, females and juveniles. Winter and summer males showed a larger sonic muscle fibers diameter than juveniles. The fibers were found to have a polygonal shape and a central core of sarcoplasm surrounded by myofibrils. The presence of remodeling and possible division fibers in sonic muscle in adult males has never been described in this species. The sonic muscle of both winter and summer adult males that did not vocalize at high rates in a natural environment presented slower fibers than summer adult males that were previously found to be strongly vocal. It was not possible to determinate the mechanism responsible for the slow and sustained contraction of the sonic muscle but we postulate that this phenomenon has an important role in sound amplitude and radiation

A neurophysiological signature of dynamic emotion recognition associated with social communication skills and cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in children

IntroductionEmotion recognition is a core feature of social perception. In particular, perception of dynamic facial emotional expressions is a major feature of the third visual pathway. However, the classical N170 visual evoked signal does not provide a pure correlate of such processing. Indeed, independent component analysis has demonstrated that the N170 component is already active at the time of the P100, and is therefore distorted by early components. Here we implemented, a dynamic face emotional paradigm to isolate a more pure face expression selective N170. We searched for a neural correlate of perception of dynamic facial emotional expressions, by starting with a face baseline from which a facial expression evolved. This allowed for a specific facial expression contrast signal which we aimed to relate with social communication abilities and cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels.MethodsWe recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and Magnetic Resonance (MRS) measures in 35 typically developing (TD) children, (10–16 years) sex-matched, during emotion recognition of an avatar morphing/unmorphing from neutral to happy/sad expressions. This task allowed for the elimination of the contribution low-level visual components, in particular the P100, by morphing baseline isoluminant neutral faces into specific expressions, isolating dynamic emotion recognition. Therefore, it was possible to isolate a dynamic face sensitive N170 devoid of interactions with earlier components.ResultsWe found delayed N170 and P300, with a hysteresis type of dependence on stimulus trajectory (morphing/unmorphing), with hemispheric lateralization. The delayed N170 is generated by an extrastriate source, which can be related to the third visual pathway specialized in biological motion processing. GABA levels in visual cortex were related with N170 amplitude and latency and predictive of worse social communication performance (SCQ scores). N170 latencies reflected delayed processing speed of emotional expressions and related to worse social communication scores.DiscussionIn sum, we found a specific N170 electrophysiological signature of dynamic face processing related to social communication abilities and cortical GABA levels. These findings have potential clinical significance supporting the hypothesis of a spectrum of social communication abilities and the identification of a specific face-expression sensitive N170 which can potentially be used in the development of diagnostic and intervention tools

Cements Used for Fixed Prosthodontics: a survey with Porto Alegre specialists

Atualmente, diversos cimentos são utilizados para cimentação de próteses fixas na prática clínica odontológica. Com o surgimento de novos materiais o cirurgião dentista assume um papel de fundamental importância na escolha do cimento empregado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de cimentos para prótese fixa por especialistas em prótese dentária que atuam no município de Porto Alegre, por meio de um questionário. Para isso, um questionário com 22 perguntas foi elaborado e aplicado a tais profissionais registrados no Conselho Regional de Odontologia. Dentre os 225 indivíduos elegíveis, 39 foram excluídos. Da amostra de 186 especialistas, 72 não foram entrevistados. Os 114 indivíduos entrevistados representaram uma taxa de resposta de 61,29%. O ano de graduação de 52% dos respondentes foi entre 1981 e 2000 e 63% concluíram o curso de pós-graduação após 1991. Para cimentação final de próteses fixas métalo-cerâmicas, 65% dos dentistas usam cimento de fosfato de zinco. Entretanto, para prótese fixas livres de metal, 57% utilizam cimento resinoso. Com o avanço da tecnologia em materiais reabilitadores, novos materiais e técnicas foram criados, no entanto, o cimento de fosfato de zinco segue como primeira escolha entre os especialistas para cimentação final de próteses métalo-cerâmicas.Actually, many dental cements are available to cement fixed prosthesis at dental clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cements used to fixed prosthesis by specialists who work at city of Porto Alegre with a questionnaire. A questionnaire with 22 questions was elaborated and applied to professionals registered at Regional Dentistry Council (CRO). From the 225 electable subjects, 39 were excluded. The sample of 186 specialists, 72 weren´t interviewed. The 114 interviewed subjects represented a 61.29% of response rate. The graduate year of 52% of subjects was between 1981 and 2000, and 63% finished the post graduate course after 1991. To final cementation of fixed metal ceramic prosthesis, 65% used zinc phosphate cement. However, to cements metal free fixed prosthesis, 57% used resinous cement. With technological advances at rehabilitation materials, new materials and techniques were developed. However, the zinc phosphate cement is still the first choice to cement metal ceramic prosthesis to Porto Alegre specialists

Correlation between water salinity and arterial hypertension

Hypertension is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between cases of hypertension and environmental aspects related to water salinity in the municipality of Arari-Maranhão. The following data were evaluated: 1) secondary data on cases of hypertension reported from 2002 to 2012 registered in the Hiperdia Program of the Department of Informatics of SUS (DATASUS), in the municipality of Arari-Maranhão; 2) a temporal series of climatic data and river water quality measured by the physicochemical parameters and the water flow of the Mearim River; and 3) the statistical correlation between the indicators of water quality and the cases of hypertension of the study sample. The results revealed a seasonality in cases of hypertension in the municipality of Arari. This variation was inversely related to the precipitation and the salinity of the river water. Thus, decreased precipitation resulted in increase driver salinity and, consequently, increased consumption of salt by the population, increasing the number of cases of hypertension. The correlation between cases of hypertension and precipitation or salinity was significant and negative. These results revealed a significant correlation between cases of hypertension, water quality, and climatic factors

PUERPERAS’ EXPERIENCES ABOUT THE CONTACT WITH THE NEWBORN AND THE BREASTFEEDING ON THE IMMEDIATE POSTPARTUM

Objetivo: analisar a vivência de puérperas primigestas sobre o contato pele a pele com o recém-nascido e a amamentação precoce no pós-parto vaginal imediato em uma maternidade pública de Feira de Santana-Bahia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo, realizado com seis puérperas, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A coleta dos dados ocorreu de março a abril de 2009, sendo os dados analisados através da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: as parturientes vivenciam sentimentos diversos relacionados ao recém-nascido, sentem-se preocupadas com as condições clínicas e não clínicas dos mesmos e são separadas bruscamente do filho em prol da prestação de cuidados com o recém-nascido. Conclusão: a rotina de promoção do contato pele a pele deverá considerar a opinião das mulheres envolvidas nesta prática, já que a simples execução e o seguimento desta não contemplam os princípios da humanização e da excelência do cuidado.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

The association of p16INK4A and fragile histidine triad gene expression and cervical lesions

Objective. This cross-sectional study was intended to assess the association between immunohistochemical analysis of p16INK4A and fragile histidine triad (FHIT) and the presence of precancerous cervical lesions. Materials and Methods. Women seen at Pe´ rola Byington Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil, with histologically confirmed cervicitis (n = 31), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 (n = 30), CIN 2,3 (n = 30), and cervical cancer (n = 7) had also cervical material collected for liquid-based cytology, human papillomavirus Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test, and p16 and FHIT immunohistochemical reactions. Results. p16 and FHIT reactions were scored as the following: G1%, 1% to 5%, 95% to 25%, and 925%. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to select p16 and FHIT score cutoffs for further categorical analyses. All but one of the 37 CIN 2,3/cancer cases had a p16 score of greater than 1% to 5%. Among the 61 cervicitis/CIN 1 cases, 46 (75%) had a p16 score lower than 1% to 5%. In contrast, no association of FHIT expression and severity of cervical lesions could be demonstrated in this data set. Receiver operating curve analyses suggested the score of 1% to 5% for p16 as the cutoff that best discriminates CIN 2,3/cancer from cervicitis/CIN 1. No cutoff for FHIT scores could be suggested with data set. Conclusions. p16, but not FHIT expression, has the potential to be used as complementary diagnostic tool to investigate human papillomavirusYinduced cervical lesions, if these results are confirmed in larger studies.(undefined

Análise microbiológica do glutaraldeído após sucessivas imersões de impressões de alginato

Aim: The objective of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of 2% glutaraldehyde solution after successive immersions of contaminated alginate impressions by analyzing its bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. Materials and methods: Seven samples of the disinfectant were collected. Evaluation of bacteriostatic activity of the samples was performed by observing the presence of viable bacteria through Standard Methods Agar (Plate Count Agar). Plates were inoculated with Escherichia. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e Staphylococcus aureus in order to evaluate bactericidal activity. Wells with a 0.9 cm diameter at the centre of the plate received aliquots of 100 μL of glutaraldehyde in each sample. Then, the plates were maintained at 8-10oC for 16 hours to allow diffusion of the compound. Later, the plates were stored at 37oC in a stove for 24 hours. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the presence of zone of inhibition in bacterial growth around the wells where the glutaraldehyde was placed. Results: Results show no bacterial growth in any sample, and all inoculated plates showed zone of inhibition in bacterial growth. Conclusion: With this study design, it is possible to conclude that at least 70 alginate impressions may be disinfected in 3L of 2% glutaraldehyde solution during 28 days.A desinfecção de impressões é uma medida de biossegurança fundamental para evitar contaminação cruzada, pois durante a tomada de impressão, o alginato entra em contato com a microbiota oral do paciente e, após sua geleificação, carrega consigo saliva, microrganismos e, eventualmente, sangue na sua superfície e no seu interior. Objetivo: avaliar através da análise de sua ação bacteriostática e bactericida, a eficácia de uma solução de glutaraldeído 2% após receber sucessivas imersões de impressões de alginato, contaminadas. Materiais e métodos: Foram coletadas sete amostras do desinfetante em uso. A avaliação da ação bacteriostática, das amostras se deu pela presença de bactérias viáveis através do método de Contagem Padrão em Ágar. Para a avaliação da ação bactericida, placas foram inoculadas com Escherichia. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e Staphylococcus aureus. Poços com 0,9 cm de diâmetro, realizados no meio de cultura das placas, receberam alíquotas de 100L de glutaraldeído, de cada amostra. As placas foram mantidas entre 8-10C, por 16 horas para difusão do composto. Após as placas foram para estufa a 37C, por 24 horas. A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pela presença de zonas de inibição de crescimento bacteriano em torno dos poços onde o glutaraldeído foi colocado. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que não houve crescimento bacteriano em nenhuma amostra e que todas as placas inoculadas mostraram zona de inibição pela ação do glutaraldeído. Conclusão: O delineamento deste estudo permite concluir que pelo menos, 70 impressões de alginato podem ser desinfetadas em 3L de glutaraldeído 2%, durante 28 dias

Criteria for peripheral venous access fixation in premature newborns

Objectives: To analyze the criteria for the peripheral venous access fixation in premature newborns used by nursing staff of the Semi-Intensive Neonatal Unit of the public hospital in the interior of Bahia. Method: A qualitative descriptive exploratory study that was made with sixteen professional nursing staff of a public hospital in the interior of Bahia in the period from August to September 2009. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee, with opinion number 01278-2009. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and photographic records of peripheral venous access, and analyzed through content analysis of Bardin and semiological analysis of images, respectively. Results: The peripheral venous access fixation is achieved by inconsistent criteria and without scientific evidence. There is no standard to guide the professionals to carry out this practice. Conclusion: We suggest the elaboration of a care protocol care to underpin these professionals and systematize this practice, based on quality and excellence of care

Disentangling global market drivers for cephalopods to foster transformations towards sustainable seafood systems

21 pages, 11 figures, 1 table.-- Open accessAquatic food systems are important contributors to global food security to satisfy an intensifying demand for protein-based diets, but global economic growth threatens marine systems. Cephalopod (octopus, squid and cuttlefish) fisheries can contribute to food security; however, their sustainable exploitation requires understanding connections between nature's contributions to people (NCP), food system policies and human wellbeingThe authors acknowledge the financial support from the Cephs and Chefs Project (https://www.cephsandchefs.com/) funded by the European Regional Development Fund (https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/erdf/) through the Interreg Atlantic Area Programme grant number EAPA_282/2016. CP, TF, KR and DC acknowledge financial support to CESAM by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds. CP acknowledges the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia research contract 2020.02510. CEECIND and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). SV and PP acknowledge financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (https://www.xunta.gal/portada) (RECREGES II project under Grant 1400 ED481B2018/017 and Grupo de Referencia Competitiva GI-2060 AEMI, under Grant 1401 ED431C2019/11)Peer reviewe

CRITERIA FOR PERIPHERAL VENOUS ACCESS FIXATION IN PREMATURE NEWBORNS

Objetivo: analisar os critérios para a fixação de acessos venosos periféricos em recém-nascidos prematuros, utilizados pela equipe de enfermagem, da Unidade Semi-intensiva Neonatal de um hospital público do interior da Bahia. Métodos: estudo descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo realizado em um hospital público da Bahia, no período de agosto a setembro de 2009, com dezesseis profissionais de enfermagem. Foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa pelo parecer de no 01.278-2009. Os dados foram coletados de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e registros fotográficos de acessos venosos periféricos, sendo analisados através da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin e Análise Semiológica de Imagens, respectivamente. Resultados: a fixação dos acessos venosos periféricos é realizada através de critérios inconsistentes e sem evidências científicas, não havendo padronização que norteiem os profissionais a realizarem esta prática. Conclusões: sugerimos a elaboração de um protocolo assistencial que embase estes profissionais e sistematize esta prática, pautada na qualidade e excelência do cuidado