Uso de marcadores moleculares en la caracterización genética del ñame (Dioscorea Spp) en Colombia.

El ñame (Dioscorea spp.) es una especie de importancia económica a nivel mundial, es el cuarto tubérculo más consumido en el mundo. Es cultivado principalmente en Ganha y Nigeria, y en países de Latinoamérica como lo son Brasil, Costa Rica, Venezuela y Colombia. El ñame hace parte de la alimentación de poblaciones principalmente de la región Caribe colombiana, y en menor medida en la región de los Llanos Orientales y la Amazonía, sin embargo, a pesar de su poco consumo en esta región, es el principal tubérculo como sustituto de la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en comunidades indígenas y sectores rurales. A finales de la década del ochenta, el cultivo se vio afectado fuertemente por la antracnosis, acabó con la mayoría de los cultivos de la región caribe, esto como consecuencia a la propagación vegetativa o el uso de semilla asexual, por esta razón en países productores de ñame incluyendo a Colombia, han realizado estudios biotecnológicos para conocer la diversidad de cultivares, conseguir semillas libres de patógenos con resistencia a la antracnosis principalmente. El mejoramiento del ñame es difícil y presupone un conocimiento de la diversidad genética del germoplasma de Dioscorea en Colombia, la cual no se conoce todavía. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo busca conocer las principales técnicas moleculares empleadas para la caracterización genética de especies del género Dioscorea, así como el uso y empleo del ñame en la alimentación e industria. Se realizó una búsqueda en fuentes bibliográficas sobre el uso del ñame, caracterización molecular, diversidad genética y uso de la biotecnología en el cultivo del ñame. En los países productores se han hecho múltiples investigaciones en busca del mejoramiento genético de la especie, así como la obtención de semillas a partir de cultivo de tejidos in vitro, sin embargo, en Colombia los estudios no han sido suficientes para caracterizar los cultivares de Dioscórea, pues en la región de la Orinoquia aún no hay estudios sobre caracterización de especies silvestres y cultivadas.The yam (Dioscorea spp.) Is a species of economic importance worldwide, it is the fourth most consumed tuber in the world. It is cultivated mainly in Ganha and Nigeria and in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Costa Rica, Venezuela and Colombia. The yam is part of the feeding of populations mainly from the Colombian Caribbean region, and to a lesser extent in the region of the Eastern Plains and the Amazon, however, despite its low consumption in this region, it is the main tuber as a substitute of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in indigenous communities and rural sectors. At the end of the eighties, the crop was strongly affected by anthracnose, ending most of the crops in the Caribbean region, this as a result of vegetative propagation or the use of asexual seed, for this reason in producing countries of yam including Colombia, biotechnological studies have been conducted to know the diversity of cultivars, get seed free of pathogens with resistance to anthracnose mainly. The improvement of the yam is difficult and presupposes a knowledge of the genetic diversity of Dioscorea germplasm in Colombia, which is not yet known. Therefore, the present work seeks to know the main molecular techniques used for the genetic characterization of Dioscorea species, as well as the use and use of yam in food and industry. A search was made in bibliographic sources about the use of yam, molecular characterization, genetic diversity and the use of biotechnology in yam cultivation. In the producing countries there have been multiple investigations in search of the genetic improvement of the species, as well as the obtaining of seeds from tissue culture in vitro, however, in Colombia the studies have not been enough to characterize the cultivars of Dioscorea, because in the Orinoquia region there are still no studies on the characterization of wild and cultivated species

Cost-effectiveness of ceftolozane/tazobactam for the treatment of complicated intraabdominal and urinary tract infections in Colombia

Q3Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ceftolozane/tazobactam + metronidazole (C/T+M) and ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) compared with 8 alternatives used in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infection (cIAI) and complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) respectively. Methods: A Monte Carlo simulation decision model was used for the estimation and comparison of treatment-related costs, and quality adjusted life years for patients with cIAI treated with C/T+M in comparison with cefepime + metronidazole, ciprofloxacin + metronidazole, doripenem, levofloxacin + metronidazole, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime + metronidazole or imipenem/cilastatin and patients with cUTI treated with C/T in comparison with cefepime, ciprofloxacin, doripenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime or imipenem/cilastatin. Local costs were estimated using base cases identified by experts and consulting local databases. Sensitivity values of the PACTS (Program to Assess Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Susceptibility) study in Latin America were used in the model. Results: C/T+M and C/T obtained incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) that were below the Colombian cost-effectiveness threshold (3 GDP per capita) in most comparisons, and were dominated by meropenem, considering only gram-negative microorganisms. Sensitivity assessments were also carried out, in which only the population with P. aeruginosa infections was considered, showing positive results for C/T+M and C/T (cost-effective or dominant with regards to all comparators). Conclusions: C/T+M and C/T could be cost-effective alternatives in the treatment of CIAI and CUTI in Colombia, when there is an adequate and rational use of antibiotics. The results of the sensitivity analyses showed dominance and cost-effectiveness with regards to every comparator in patients infected with P. aeruginosaRevista Nacional - Indexad

Caracterización molecular con marcadores ISSR de la colección de cítricos de la Universidad de los Llanos

Contextualization: Citrus trees are one of the most cultivated tree species in the world. They are of great importance since their production is greater than that of any other fruit tree.   Knowledge gap: Despite the great demand for citrus fruits in Colombia, there is limited knowledge about the origin and genetic diversity. Likewise, molecular characterization studies of citrus varieties established in the work collection of the Universidad de los Llanos have not been carried out, which is of vital importance to implement conservation strategies and potential use of genetic resources.   Purpose: to evaluate the genetic diversity of four citrus varieties (Tangelo orange, Valencia orange, Arrayana mandarin and Castilla lemon), established at the University of the Llanos with seven ISSR primers.   Methodology: The molecular characterization was carried out in the Plant Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction and Genetics laboratories of the Universidad de los Llanos Universidad de los Llanos. A binary matrix of absence and presence was generated. The genetic similarity between the individuals was calculated using the coefficient of similarity of Nei and Li (1979). The cluster analysis was performed by the UPGMA method and a dendrogram was generated using the NTSYS statistical package, version 2.02 pc. The unbiased heterozygosity, the percentage of polymorphic loci, and the unbiased f statistic were estimated with a 95% confidence interval, using the TFPGA statistical package, version 1.3. Results and conclusions: A total of 80 bands were obtained, of which 86.25% were polymorphic. The average estimated heterozygosity for the total population was 0.29, which shows a moderate genetic diversity. The CGA and AG primers were the ones with the greatest contribution to the estimation of genetic polymorphism. Little genetic differentiation was found (Fst = 0.03). At a level of similarity of 0.42, seven groups were formed, with groups 1 and 2 being the ones that grouped the largest number of genotypes of the four species, being mostly Arrayana mandarin and Tangelo orange. The seven primers were significant for the estimation of genetic diversity in citrus fruits and constitute a tool with great potential for further improvement work in this species.Contextualización: los cítricos son una de las especies arbóreas más cultivadas en todo el mundo. Poseen una gran importancia económica por su producción es mayor a cualquier otro frutal.  Vacío de conocimiento: pese a la gran demanda de cítricos en Colombia, se conoce muy poco acerca del origen y la diversidad genética. Asimismo, no se han realizado estudios de caracterización molecular de las variedades de cítricos de la colección de la Universidad de los Llanos, los cuales son importantes para implementar estrategias de conservación y uso potencial de los recursos genéticos.  Propósito del estudio: evaluar la diversidad genética de cuatro variedades de cítricos (Naranja Tangelo, Naranja Valencia, Mandarina Arrayana y Limón Castilla), establecidas en la Universidad de los Llanos con siete cebadores ISSR.  Metodología: la caracterización molecular se realizó en los laboratorios de Biotecnología Vegetal y Genética y Reproducción Animal de la Universidad de los Llanos. Se generó una matriz binaria de ausencia y presencia. La similitud genética entre los individuos se calculó utilizando el coeficiente de similitud de Nei y Li (1979). El análisis clúster se realizó por el método UPGMA y se generó un dendrograma utilizando el paquete estadístico NTSYS, versión 2.02 PC. Se estimó la heterocigosidad insesgada, el porcentaje de loci polimórficos y el f estadístico insesgado con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, utilizando el paquete estadístico TFPGA, versión 1.3. Resultados y conclusiones: se obtuvo un total de 80 bandas, de las cuales el 86.25% fueron polimórficas. La heterocigosidad estimada promedio para la población total fue de 0,29, que evidencia una moderada diversidad genética. Los cebadores CGA y AG fueron los de mayor aporte a la estimación del polimorfismo genético. Se encontró poca diferenciación genética (Fst = 0,03). A un nivel de similitud de 0.42 se formaron siete grupos, siendo los grupos 1 y 2 los que agruparon la mayor cantidad de genotipos de las cuatro especies, siendo en su mayoría de mandarina Arrayana y de naranja Tangelo. Los siete cebadores fueron significativos para la estimación de la diversidad genética en cítricos y constituyen una herramienta con gran potencial para posteriores trabajos de mejoramiento en esta especie. Atualmente, os marcadores moleculares são uma ferramenta importante no aprimoramento genético, dentre os quais se destaca a utilidade dos Microssatélites Aleatórios Amplificados (RAM) nos estudos genéticos de várias espécies em todo o mundo. Foi avaliada a variabilidade genética de quatro espécies de citros (limão castilla, laranja tangelo, laranja valencia e mandarina arrayana), localizadas na Universidad de los Llanos com sete primers de RAM. Foram obtidas 80 bandas e 86,25% de bandas polimórficas. Os primers CGA e AG foram os que mais contribuíram para a estimativa do polimorfismo genético. Foi encontrado um Fst de 0,029, indicando pouca diferenciação genética. Na semelhança de 0,42, sete grupos foram formados, com os grupos 1 e 2 agrupando o maior número de indivíduos das quatro espécies, concentrando o maior número de genótipos de tangerina arrayana e toda a laranja tangelo. Sendo a distância genética entre as duas muito próxima, possivelmente devido a um ancestral comum, pois compartilham características moleculares e morfológicas, como a cor, tanto da polpa quanto do fruto. Os sete primers são significativos para a estimativa da variabilidade genética em citros como uma ferramenta com grande potencial para futuros trabalhos de melhoramento

Achenbach's syndrome : case report and systematic review of the literature

Introduction Achenbach's syndrome is a vascular disorder of the hands and feet. It is of unknown aetiology and has a benign course. Because of its low prevalence, available literature is limited, and most publications are case reports. No Latin-American publications were found on the subject. The case of a 58 year-old man is presented, along with a systematic review of the literature to describe its clinical characteristics. Methods A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Lilacs using free terms and controlled vocabulary (MeSH, Emtree, and DeCS). Results An analysis was made on a total of 23 articles, 19 of which were case reports, with a total of 46 patients, 43 women and 3 men, from 7 countries. The disorder occurs most often in women over 50 years, and is manifested by the sudden appearance of a blue coloration of the palmar surface of the fingers. It is less common in the feet. Conclusions Achenbach's syndrome is benign, and does not require medical intervention. Diagnostic methods are of little use. Therefore, identification is important to avoid unnecessary procedures.Artículo de revisión230-236Introduction Achenbach's syndrome is a vascular disorder of the hands and feet. It is of unknown aetiology and has a benign course. Because of its low prevalence, available literature is limited, and most publications are case reports. No Latin-American publications were found on the subject. The case of a 58 year-old man is presented, along with a systematic review of the literature to describe its clinical characteristics. Methods A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Lilacs using free terms and controlled vocabulary (MeSH, Emtree, and DeCS). Results An analysis was made on a total of 23 articles, 19 of which were case reports, with a total of 46 patients, 43 women and 3 men, from 7 countries. The disorder occurs most often in women over 50 years, and is manifested by the sudden appearance of a blue coloration of the palmar surface of the fingers. It is less common in the feet. Conclusions Achenbach's syndrome is benign, and does not require medical intervention. Diagnostic methods are of little use. Therefore, identification is important to avoid unnecessary procedures

A Case Report of Duodenogastric Metastasis from Breast Cancer

Reporte de caso379-381We present the case of an 82 year old woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2011 and who underwent surgery and adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen. In 2015 she was hospitalized for an upper intestinal obstruction. Involvement of a tumor was ruled out, but video-assisted thoracoscopy showed the presence of pleural effusion and pleural lesions corresponding to metastases. Hormone therapy was initiated, and the patient responded adequately. One year later, a gastroduodenoscopy showed edema and erythema of the duodenal bulb. The biopsy corroborated metastasis from breast cancer

Benign Kidney Tumor versus Renal Carcinoma : Case Report and Literature Review

Introducción. El cáncer renal representa 2,4% de los casos diagnosticados de cáncer en la población general, es más común en hombres que en mujeres, y se presenta con más frecuencia entre la 6ta y la 8ta décadas de vida. Se estima que el 16% de los pacientes se diagnostican como enfermedad metastásica. Objetivo Se presenta el caso de un paciente cuyo diagnóstico de carcinoma renal se confundió inicialmente con un tumor benigno. Métodos A un hombre de 56 años de edad se le realizó hace 3 años ese diagnóstico en un estadio avanzado de la enfermedad, a pesar del hallazgo incidental de una masa, que se consideró benigna durante 5 años. Resultados Al momento del diagnóstico de carcinoma de células claras, el tumor era Estadio IV, con metástasis a pulmón. Recibió primera línea de tratamiento con sunitinib, pero fue suspendido por toxicidad; segunda línea con pazopanib durante 1 año, después presentó progresión de la enfermedad, por lo cual se cambió a tratamiento con axitinib con respuesta parcial, sin embargo, se suspendió por toxicidad cardiaca, entre otras. Al momento el paciente ha recibido 5 ciclos de bevacizumab con adecuada tolerancia. Conclusiones Es necesario resaltar la indicación de diagnóstico adecuado y manejo quirúrgico en masas renales sospechosas.Reporte de caso30-34Introduction. Kidney cancer represents 2.4% of diagnosed cases of cancer in the general population; it is more common in men than in women, and occurs more frequently between the 6th and 8th decades of life. It is estimated that 16% of patients are diagnosed as metastatic disease. Objective To report the case of a male patient whose diagnosis of renal carcinoma was initially misdiagnosed as a benign tumor. Methods We present a 56-year-old male diagnosed three years back with malignancy at an advanced stage of the disease, despite the incidental finding of a tumor that for 5 years was considered benign. Results At the time of diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma, the tumor was Stage IV, with lung metastasis. He received first line treatment with sunitinib, which was discontinued due to toxicity. Subsequently, a second line with pazotinib for 1 year, then presented progression of the disease, so treatment was changed to axitinib with partial response., It was discontinued, however, due to cardiac toxicity, among others. At the time of writing, the patient has received 5 cycles of bevacizumab with adequate tolerance. Conclusions It is necessary to highlight the need for adequate diagnosis and surgical management in suspicious renal masses

Quality of life in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis : a rapid review of the literature

Generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG) is a neuromuscular transmission disorder that creates a fluctuating weakness of the voluntary muscles. This study is aimed at understanding the effect that refractory GMG has on the quality of life of patients who suffer from it, and the effect of eculizumab on it. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Ovid). Eligibility criteria were verified via the title and summary and afterward through the full text. The risk of bias of the included randomized clinical trials was evaluated and the data were synthesized in a descriptive manner. Nine studies were identified that evaluated the quality of life of patients with GMG. Regarding the effect of eculizumab, two studies were identified. The quality of life in patients with GMG is lower compared to ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) and MG in remission, especially in the domains of physical function, physical role, bodily pain, vitality, and social function. Patients treated with eculizumab had a better perception of their quality of life compared to those who received placebo. GMG affects the quality of life more than other types of MG. This outcome is of great importance for the choice of therapeutic options in patients with refractory GMG. Eculizumab generates improvements in the perception of patients' quality of life compared to placebo, making it a relevant therapeutic option in the management of refractory GMG.N/

Las sentencias condenatorias por concusión y cohecho en el trámite del acto legislativo que aprobó la reelección presidencial en Colombia

Jurisprudencial commentComentario jurisprudencia

Latin America's first case of Perry syndrome and a new treatment option for respiratory insufficiency

Q1Q1620-621Perry syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by rapidly progressive Parkinsonism, depression, weight loss, and central hypoventilation [1]. Since the original publication in 1975, only 52 patients from ten families have been found, but no case had been reported from Latin America. The mean age of symptom onset is 48 years, and the mean disease duration is 5 years. Patients usually die of respiratory complications. Genomewide linkage analysis identified disease-segregating mutations located in exon 2 of the dynactin 1 (DCTN1) gene on chromosome 2p13 [4]

Efficacy of cannabinoids in pharmacoresistant epilepsy : a narrative review of the literature

Eficacia de los canabinoides en epilepsia refractaria: Una revisión narrativa de la literatura La epilepsia es un desorden neurológico común que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población mundial. Alrededor de un tercio de los pacientes sufren de epilepsia resistente al tratamiento, que se define como la falla de parar las crisis epilépticas a pesar de haber recibido tratamiento con dos medicamentos a dosis terapéuticas. Se ha visto interés en el desarrollo de medicamentos antiepilépticos con diferentes mecanismos de acción. Esta revisión narrativa se basó en 42 referencias extraídas de Scopus y Medline, que discuten hallazgos científicos sobre estudios en humanos y animales acerca de la eficacia del cannabis para el tratamiento de epilepsia. Los beneficios se describieron en estudios pre-clínicos y clínicos en niños, sin embargo investigaciones en curso clarificarán el papel real de los cannabinoides para la epilepsia resistente al tratamiento.Q4https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=EYfIMmYAAAAJ&hl=eshttp://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001363986Revista Nacional - Indexad