Análisis de los multiplicadores de producción a partir de la matriz insumo producto simétrica para Colombia-Año de 1994

El resultado de la presente investigación hace énfasis en la elaboración de una herramienta de vital importancia como es la Matriz Insumo Producto simétrica para Colombia, año base de 1994; teniendo como precedente que la matriz elaborada por el Departamento Nacional de Estadística DANE y que se difunde, no esta adecuada para efectuar análisis de predicción y de programación de la Actividad Económica. Siendo evidente la necesidad de contar con este tipo de herramientas se elabora una matriz insumo producto simétrica de acuerdo a la nueva metodología del sistema de cuentas nacionales SCN 1993 y se realizan análisis de multiplicadores de producción para los 59 grupos de productos que conforman la economíaTrabajo de grado (Economista)-- Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 2006PregradoEconomist

Impacto de la ley 1314 de 2009 en la actualización de la profesión contable en Colombia.

Analizar el impacto que ha tenido la implementación de la ley 1314 de 2009 en la actualización de la profesión del contador público."Esta investigación busca analizar el impacto que genero la ley 1314 de 2009 en la actualización de la profesión contable en Colombia, y los diferentes mecanismos implementados por el profesional para una adecuada implementación de las normativas internacionales que se requieren en el momento de entrar en vigencia dicha ley. El análisis de la investigación proporciona una reflexión de lo importancia que es para los contadores públicos generen una actualización en las nuevas normas requeridas en el desarrollo de la labor profesional desde la implementación de las NIIF. El proceso de investigación es realizado a través de una metodología mixta con un enfoque de tipo descriptivo, obteniendo así la información de diversas fuentes secundarias, utilizando el método de revisión y análisis documental, sumando al conocimiento adquirido en el proceso académico, algunos antecedentes adquiridos después de aplicar la entrevista a docentes de la universidad UNIMINUTO Virtual a Distancia, siendo la entrevista uno de los instrumentos de recolección de datos."This research seeks to analyze the impact of gender law 1314 of 2009 on the upgrade of the accounting profession in Colombia, and the different mechanisms implemented by the professional for an adequate implementation of the international norms that are required at the time of entry into force of this law. The analysis of the research provides a reflection of the importance that the public accountants be upgraded to the standards required in the development of the professional work. the research process is conducted through a mixed methodology with an approach of descriptive type, thus obtaining information from various sources, using the method of review and documentary analysis, adding to our knowledge some background acquired by applying the interview to the teachers of the university UNIMINUTO Virtual Distance, as an instrument of data collection. The research is focused on three variables: 1. The need for accounting professionals to generate an update in front of IFRS after the implementation of the law 1314 of 2009. 2. The changes in the professional profile from the implementation of the standard. 3. The mechanisms used by the accounting professionals for the development of the update in the direction of internationalization of the management policy of the accounting profession. This investigative process fosters the proper development of conclusions to our question, providing a vision of how necessary it is to implement an update of the profession after the implementation of IFRS, even when there is no rule that obliges the professional to the update, it is essential not to be left behind compared to the professionals who graduated in the last year mainly

Impacto de la ley 1314 de 2009 en la actualización de la profesión contable en Colombia.

Analizar el impacto que ha tenido la implementación de la ley 1314 de 2009 en la actualización de la profesión del contador público."Esta investigación busca analizar el impacto que genero la ley 1314 de 2009 en la actualización de la profesión contable en Colombia, y los diferentes mecanismos implementados por el profesional para una adecuada implementación de las normativas internacionales que se requieren en el momento de entrar en vigencia dicha ley. El análisis de la investigación proporciona una reflexión de lo importancia que es para los contadores públicos generen una actualización en las nuevas normas requeridas en el desarrollo de la labor profesional desde la implementación de las NIIF. El proceso de investigación es realizado a través de una metodología mixta con un enfoque de tipo descriptivo, obteniendo así la información de diversas fuentes secundarias, utilizando el método de revisión y análisis documental, sumando al conocimiento adquirido en el proceso académico, algunos antecedentes adquiridos después de aplicar la entrevista a docentes de la universidad UNIMINUTO Virtual a Distancia, siendo la entrevista uno de los instrumentos de recolección de datos."This research seeks to analyze the impact of gender law 1314 of 2009 on the upgrade of the accounting profession in Colombia, and the different mechanisms implemented by the professional for an adequate implementation of the international norms that are required at the time of entry into force of this law. The analysis of the research provides a reflection of the importance that the public accountants be upgraded to the standards required in the development of the professional work. the research process is conducted through a mixed methodology with an approach of descriptive type, thus obtaining information from various sources, using the method of review and documentary analysis, adding to our knowledge some background acquired by applying the interview to the teachers of the university UNIMINUTO Virtual Distance, as an instrument of data collection. The research is focused on three variables: 1. The need for accounting professionals to generate an update in front of IFRS after the implementation of the law 1314 of 2009. 2. The changes in the professional profile from the implementation of the standard. 3. The mechanisms used by the accounting professionals for the development of the update in the direction of internationalization of the management policy of the accounting profession. This investigative process fosters the proper development of conclusions to our question, providing a vision of how necessary it is to implement an update of the profession after the implementation of IFRS, even when there is no rule that obliges the professional to the update, it is essential not to be left behind compared to the professionals who graduated in the last year mainly

Tos por COVID-19: caracterización desde la Inteligencia Artificial

Este trabajo es producto de la investigación del proyecto “Caracterización de la tos provocada por el COVID-19 en pacientes de diagnóstico positivo”, financiado por CEDIA dentro su convocatoria a proyectos de investigación CEPRA XV. La publicación recoge la descripción de la propuesta; el proceso de diseño de la página web utilizada para la toma de muestras audibles de tos; la descripción de técnicas usadas para reconocer una señal de tos dentro de un audio utilizando aprendizaje automático; los sistemas de filtrado utilizados para aislar la señal de tos de cualquier sonido producido por circunstancias externas; y los modelos inteligentes pre-entrenados utilizados para la caracterización de la señal de tos como una tos COVID-19. Además consta información sobre las estrategias para reunir al equipo, generar la propuesta y conseguir su aprobación. En síntesis, la obra presenta un caso exitoso de lo que es el desarrollo de un proyecto de investigación científica bajo la modalidad de financiamiento externo, con sus fases de planificación, ejecución y explotación de los resultados de investigación conseguidos

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors in Relation to Age, Type of Surgery and Length of Time since First Treatment

(1) Background: Quality of life assessment is a critical aspect of breast cancer patient outcomes, as diagnosis, prognosis and treatment can have a major impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of the sample and to verify the relationship between quality of life (QOL) in women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) and their age, type or surgery and time since treatment; (2) Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted with 183 women diagnosed with BC, aged 30&ndash;80 years in Mexico. Women&rsquo;s QOL was assessed using two questionnaires, The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and The Breast Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-BR23). (3) Results: the results show significant differences in several items when the variable age is taken into account, indicating that younger women have poorer social and sexual function, as well as poorer sexual enjoyment and lower expectations of the future. The type of surgery also indicates a significantly better QOL in those women who receive conservative treatment versus a mastectomy; the time elapsed since surgery does not show any significant results, except for sexual functioning and breast-related symptoms where &gt;5 years implies better scores on the items. (4) Conclusions: in conclusion, it is important to take into account the characteristics of women with BC, particularly at the time of treatment, in order to mitigate the impact of the disease on their QOL with the help of a multidisciplinary team

Plan Educativo de Transversalización de la Igualdad de Género 2014-2024

El Plan Educativo de Transversalización de la Igualdad de Género - PETIG, 2014-2024, es adoptado por la Secretaría de Educación del Distrito -SED- mediante la Resolución No. 800 del 14 de mayo de 2015, en su apuesta por avanzar hacia una educación pertinente y de excelencia, asumiendo el compromiso de poner en marcha acciones dirigidas al logro de la igualdad de género en el Sector Educativo. Esta tarea involucra la garantía del Derecho a la educación de las mujeres con equidad de género: es decir, la eliminación de barreras como el sexismo, la discriminación y las violencias, así como la promoción de acciones de reconocimiento y dignificación laboral de las mujeres y la generación de oportunidades educativas para las jóvenes que habitan la ciuda