Europa ante el fenómeno de las «sectas»

En las sociedades europeas está enraizado el principio según el cual los Estados no deben restringir la libertad de religión o de conciencia, sino que deben mantener la neutralidad. La pluralidad debe entonces ser protegida por las diversas instituciones europeas. El Consejo de Europa y el Parlamento Europeo, como entidades supranacionales, reconocen el derecho fundamental de libertad y tolerancia hacia todas las manifestaciones religiosas. En este trabajo, se describen y se analizan los documentos oficiales elaborados por ambas instituciones en cuanto a la implantación, en el viejo continente, de lo que se denominan sectas y nosotros reconocemos como nuevos movimientos religiosos.In European societies we find the deeply rooted principle according to which States must not restrict freedom of religion or conscience, but should maintain neutrality. Plurality thus must be protected from the various European institutions. As supranational entities, the Council of Europe and the European Parliament recognize the fundamental right of freedom and tolerance towards all religious expressions. This paper describes and analyzes the official documents produced by the two institutions on the implantation, in the old continent, of so-called sects (which we prefer to call new religious movements)

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Chrysoviridae

The Chrysoviridae is a family of small, isometric, non-enveloped viruses (40 nm in diameter) with segmented dsRNA genomes (typically four segments). The genome segments are individually encapsidated and together comprise 11.5–12.8 kbp. The single genus Chrysovirus includes nine species. Chrysoviruses lack an extracellular phase to their life cycle; they are transmitted via intracellular routes within an individual during hyphal growth, in asexual or sexual spores, or between individuals via hyphal anastomosis. There are no known natural vectors for chrysoviruses. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Chrysoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/chrysoviridae.Peer reviewe

La interpretación bíblica en la obra de Paul Ricoeur: Hermenéutica filosófica y exégesis

Esta investigación sobre la hermenéutica y la exégesis bíblica de Paul Ricoeur se hace a través de un recorrido por su biografía y su trayectoria intelectual desde su nacimiento en Valence (Francia) en 1913 hasta su muerte en 2005. En su evolución como filósofo influyeron Emmanuel Mounier en el personalismo, Karl Jaspers en el existencialismo y Husserl en la fenomenología, en la hermenéutica Wilhelm Dilthey que fue pionero en abrir los textos a la compresión histórica con Heidegger y Gadamer que coinciden en que toda compresión ha de estar mediatizada por la interpretación también se habla del lenguaje religioso y la filosofía en los que Ricoeur profundiza en la labor de Freud y el psicoanálisis, su visión del mundo entorno al par Eros y Tánatos. Se hace una hermenéutica de la interpretación de Ricoeur mítico, simbólica, metafórica en la Biblia, desde el mito adámico, los símbolos, el pecado, la culpa, el perdón y la hermenéutica metafórica. Hago una investigación sobre la identidad religiosa y una exégesis sobre los textos de San Pablo de los cuales se aprecia una interpretación sesgada

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Chrysoviridae

Members of the family Chrysoviridae are isometric, non-enveloped viruses with segmented, linear, dsRNA genomes. There are 3–7 genomic segments, each of which is individually encapsidated. Chrysoviruses infect fungi, plants and possibly insects, and may cause hypovirulence in their fungal hosts. Chrysoviruses have no known vectors and lack an extracellular phase to their replication cycle; they are transmitted via intracellular routes within an individual during hyphal growth, in asexual or sexual spores, or between individuals via hyphal anastomosis. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the family Chrysoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/chrysoviridae.Peer reviewe

50-plus years of fungal viruses

AbstractMycoviruses are widespread in all major taxa of fungi. They are transmitted intracellularly during cell division, sporogenesis, and/or cell-to-cell fusion (hyphal anastomosis), and thus their life cycles generally lack an extracellular phase. Their natural host ranges are limited to individuals within the same or closely related vegetative compatibility groups, although recent advances have established expanded experimental host ranges for some mycoviruses. Most known mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes packaged in isometric particles, but an increasing number of positive- or negative-strand ssRNA and ssDNA viruses have been isolated and characterized. Although many mycoviruses do not have marked effects on their hosts, those that reduce the virulence of their phytopathogenic fungal hosts are of considerable interest for development of novel biocontrol strategies. Mycoviruses that infect endophytic fungi and those that encode killer toxins are also of special interest. Structural analyses of mycoviruses have promoted better understanding of virus assembly, function, and evolution

Capsid Structure of dsRNA Fungal Viruses

Most fungal, double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses lack an extracellular life cycle stage and are transmitted by cytoplasmic interchange. dsRNA mycovirus capsids are based on a 120-subunit T = 1 capsid, with a dimer as the asymmetric unit. These capsids, which remain structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, nevertheless, are dynamic particles involved in the organization of the viral genome and the viral polymerase necessary for RNA synthesis. The atomic structure of the T = 1 capsids of four mycoviruses was resolved: the L-A virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScV-L-A), Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV), Penicillium stoloniferum virus F (PsV-F), and Rosellinia necatrix quadrivirus 1 (RnQV1). These capsids show structural variations of the same framework, with 60 asymmetric or symmetric homodimers for ScV-L-A and PsV-F, respectively, monomers with a duplicated similar domain for PcV, and heterodimers of two different proteins for RnQV1. Mycovirus capsid proteins (CP) share a conserved α-helical domain, although the latter may carry different peptides inserted at preferential hotspots. Insertions in the CP outer surface are likely associated with enzymatic activities. Within the capsid, fungal dsRNA viruses show a low degree of genome compaction compared to reoviruses, and contain one to two copies of the RNA-polymerase complex per virion

The T=1 capsid protein of Penicillium chrysogenum virus is formed by a repeated helix-rich core indicative of gene duplication

et al.Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV), a member of the Chrysoviridae family, is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) fungal virus with a multipartite genome, with each RNA molecule encapsidated in a separate particle. Chrysoviruses lack an extracellular route and are transmitted during sporogenesis and cell fusion. The PcV capsid, based on a T=1 lattice containing 60 subunits of the 982-amino-acid capsid protein, remains structurally undisturbed throughout the viral cycle, participates in genome metabolism, and isolates the virus genome from host defense mechanisms. Using three-dimensional cryoelectron microscopy, we determined the structure of the PcV virion at 8.0 Å resolution. The capsid protein has a high content of rod-like densities characteristic of α-helices, forming a repeated α-helical core indicative of gene duplication. Whereas the PcV capsid protein has two motifs with the same fold, most dsRNA virus capsid subunits consist of dimers of a single protein with similar folds. The spatial arrangement of the α-helical core resembles that found in the capsid protein of the L-A virus, a fungal totivirus with an undivided genome, suggesting a conserved basic fold. The encapsidated genome is organized in concentric shells; whereas the inner dsRNA shells are well defined, the outermost layer is dense due to numerous interactions with the inner capsid surface, specifically, six interacting areas per monomer. The outermost genome layer is arranged in an icosahedral cage, sufficiently well ordered to allow for modeling of an A-form dsRNA. The genome ordering might constitute a framework for dsRNA transcription at the capsid interior and/or have a structural role for capsid stability. Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (BFU 2008-02328/BMC and S-0505-Mat-0238 to J.L.C. and BIO2008-02361 to J.R.C.) and the NIH Intramural Research Program with support from the Center for Information Technology.Peer Reviewe

The C-terminal domain of the pVP2 precursor is essential for the interaction between VP2 and VP3, the capsid polypeptides of infectious bursal disease virus

AbstractThe interaction between the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 has been analyzed in vivo using baculovirus expression vectors. Data presented here demonstrate that the 71-amino acid C-terminal-specific domain of pVP2, the VP2 precursor, is essential for the establishment of the VP2–VP3 interaction. Additionally, we show that coexpression of the pVP2 and VP3 polypeptides from independent genes results in the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs). This observation demonstrates that these two polypeptides contain the minimal information required for capsid assembly, and that this process does not require the presence of the precursor polyprotein

Sobre la obra de Robert M. MacIver. La acción social entre la comunidad y el Estado

Sociology, science and political philosophy are the disciplinary fields that have guided Robert M. Maclver's investigation. This is based on accurate intuition always present in his thought: to study human social action in order to set up a realistic theory on democracy with important federal contents by reason of an understanding of the relation between society and state. At this relation, state is a simple mean belonging to the sphere of civilization and society is an original reality (a "network of groups and communities"), in which the primary interests of any social being are expressed.Sociología, ciencia y filosofía política son los ámbitos disciplinares que han guiado y alimentado, compenetrándose, la investigación de Robert M. Maclver. Todo esto es debido a una intuición bien precisa que está presente en la base de su pensamiento: estudiar la acción social para fundar una teoría realista de la democracia con importantes contenidos federales en virtud de una concepción de la relación entre sociedad y Estado en la que este último es un simple medio perteneciente a la esfera de la civilización respecto a la sociedad entendida como realidad originaria (como red de grupos y comunidades), en la que se constituyen y encuentran expresión los intereses primarios de todo ser social