147 research outputs found

    Protección radiológica en radioterapia intraoperatoria mediante un acelerador portátil de electrones.

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    Dado que la radioterapia siempre conlleva una irradiación colateral del tejido sano próximo al tumor, el fundamento de la radioterapia intraoperatoria (IORT), es el de mantener fuera del campo de radiación los tejidos y órganos sanos para realizar una irradiación selectiva de la zona tumoral a dosis más altas, aumentando el control local de la enfermedad. Inicialmente, la técnica se realizaba con aceleradores lineales de electrones dentro de las salas blindadas donde están instalados estos equipos, con el inconveniente de la larga duración del tratamiento y de la necesidad del traslado del paciente anestesiado fuera del área quirúrgica para su irradiación. Este hecho motivó la búsqueda de métodos de irradiación mediante aceleradores portátiles, los cuales permitían la realización de la IORT en la propia área quirúrgica, evitando los problemas asociados al traslado del paciente y reduciendo la duración del tratamiento. A pesar de que los fabricantes adecuan el diseño de estos aceleradores minimizando la radiación dispersa que producen, el uso de estos equipos en quirófanos donde no existe ningún tipo de blindaje estructural representa un problema desde el punto de vista de la protección radiológica de los trabajadores, ya que aunque los aceleradores móviles sólo emiten haces de electrones también se producen neutrones y rayos X de frenado al interaccionar los electrones con la estructura del acelerador y con el propio paciente. Por ello hemos analizado en este proyecto la protección radiológica de los aceleradores móviles en quirófano mediante el estudio detallado de la radiación dispersa producida por estos equipos con todas sus componentes. Aunque en nuestro proyecto se tratan aspectos generales de todos los modelos de aceleradores móviles utilizados en radioterapia intraoperatoria, nos hemos centrado principalmente en la protección radiológica del acelerador de electrones Mobetron de la firma Intraop Medical, Inc., que fue el primero de estas características instalado en España, en el Hospital San Jaime de Torrevieja (Alicante) en el año 2004. Para realizar este análisis se ha utilizado el método de Monte Carlo para caracterizar los haces de electrones producidos por el Mobetron. Inicialmente se simula la radiación producida al interaccionar los electrones con los componentes estructurales de la cabeza de radiación, el aplicador y con el agua del sistema analizador de haces de radiación computarizado utilizado para la obtención de los datos dosimétricos. Como aspecto de interés singular y novedoso, esta simulación ha sido realizada mediante dos códigos diferentes, Penelope2008 y Geant4. Ambas simulaciones han sido validadas mediante comparación de los rendimientos en profundidad y de los perfiles en el máximo obtenidos de forma teórica frente a los obtenidos experimentalmente. Esto se ha realizado para las 4 energías de electrones disponibles: 4, 6, 9 y 12 MeV. Con el fin de estudiar el efecto que producen las estructuras internas del cabezal sobre la distribución de la radiación dispersa total y analizar la influencia de las principales zonas dispersoras, tanto en la cabeza de radiación como en el propio paciente, se ha realizado una nueva simulación incorporando en el modelado de la geometría los blindajes estructurales más relevantes existentes en el cabezal, el maniquí plástico de RW3 donde incide el haz de radiación simulando el paciente y el escudo de autoblindaje. Sin embargo, dado que en la simulación no se ha incorporado el efecto de los campos electromagnéticos ni las características concretas de la guía aceleradora, la radiación de fuga en esa zona no es significativa y por tanto la influencia en la simulación de las estructuras de blindaje existentes en el cabezal es irrelevante. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con las medidas experimentales “in situ” y con las existentes en la bibliografía y se analiza la importancia de la componente debida a los electrones secundarios de baja energía, la cual dificulta la validación experimental del estudio teórico. Con el objetivo de potenciar la aplicación práctica del proyecto, se realiza una nueva simulación del Mobetron instalado en un quirófano modelo, incorporando las barreras estructurales típicas. De esta simulación se ha obtenido para la radiación dispersa producida por el Mobetron un mapa de la dosis debida a fotones y electrones y un mapa del kerma debido a fotones. De este modo, el usuario con la información de los materiales que componen las barreras estructurales del quirófano en su instalación y con sus dimensiones aproximadas, podrá estimar la atenuación producida en cada una de las barreras y por tanto, la dosis total en las dependencias contiguas. Con estos mapas se dota al futuro usuario de una herramienta muy útil, que le permitirá evaluar a priori la idoneidad de sus instalaciones antes de la puesta en marcha del equipo, estimar la carga máxima de trabajo prevista en su instalación y facilitarle el proceso de legalización de la instalación mediante la elaboración del estudio de seguridad. También se ha analizado la contribución de la componente de neutrones mediante simulaciones previas realizadas con el Monte Carlo y con medidas experimentales. Los valores de dosis obtenidos tan sólo son apreciables hasta 1 m del cabezal y son insignificantes tras las barreras estructurales, por lo que se concluye que no es necesario adoptar ninguna medida de protección radiológica adicional para este tipo de radiación en el Mobetron. Esta circunstancia, unida a la necesidad de tiempos de cálculo excesivamente largos, desaconseja la simulación de la componente de neutrones por Monte Carlo. En conclusión, con este proyecto se ha verificado que es posible la modelización del Mobetron a través de la simulación teórica independiente de su cabeza de radiación con el método de Monte Carlo mediante dos códigos diferentes: Penelope2008 y Geant4. Esta simulación constituye además el primer estudio por Monte Carlo en el Mobetron con aplicación en el campo de la protección radiológica. Es importante resaltar que con las herramientas generadas en este estudio, se abren novedosas líneas de investigación a desarrollar, como puede ser la aplicación de este método teórico en otros modelos de aceleradores portátiles, el análisis de la dependencia de los mapas de dosis obtenidos con el medio dispersor utilizado y el estudio de las dosis periféricas recibidas por el paciente en función de la localización del tratamiento.MedicinaEnfermeríaIngeniería, Industria y Construcció

    Islas de energía: Estudio y determinación de costes

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    Este proyecto tiene como objetivo principal realizar un estudio integral de una isla de energía y determinar sus costes correspondientes. La primera tarea consiste en un análisis teórico y la segunda se lleva a cabo mediante la automatización de los costos empleando el software Python. A partir de esto, se obtiene un análisis cualitativo, en lugar de cuantitativo, se proporciona a especialistas y equipos de proyecto una herramienta base que podrán adaptar según las necesidades específicas de cada proyecto. Este estudio sirve como punto de partida para futuros análisis de rentabilidadAquest projecte té com a objectiu principal realitzar un estudi integral d'una illa d'energia i determinar els seus costos corresponents. La primera tasca consisteix en una anàlisi teòric i la segona es porta a terme mitjançant l'automatització dels costos utilitzant el programari Python. A partir d'això, s'obté una anàlisi qualitatiu, en lloc de quantitatiu, es proporciona a especialistes i equips de projecte una eina base que podran adaptar segons les necessitats específiques de cada projecte. Aquest estudi serveix com a punt de partida per a futurs anàlisis de rendibilitatThis project's main goal is to conduct a comprehensive study of an energy island and determine its corresponding costs. The first task involves a theoretical analysis, and the second is carried out by automating costs using Python software. From this, a qualitative analysis, rather than a quantitative one, is obtained, providing specialists and project teams with a base tool that can be adapted to the specific needs of each project. This study serves as a starting point for future profitability analyse

    Programación de Aplicaciones OpenCV sobre Sistemas Heterogéneos SoC-FPGA

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    OpenCV es una biblioteca de primitivas de procesado de imagen que permite crear algoritmos de Visión por Computador de última generación. OpenCV fue desarrollado originalmente por Intel en 1999 para mostrar la capacidad de procesamiento de los micros de Intel, por lo que la mayoría de la biblioteca está optimizada para correr en estos micros, incluyendo las extensiones MMX y SSE. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCV. Actualmente es ampliamente utilizada tanto por la comunidad científica como por la industria, para desarrollar nuevos algoritmos para equipos de sobremesa y sobre todo para sistemas empotrados (robots móviles, cámaras inteligentes, sistemas de inspección, sistemas de vigilancia, etc..). Debido a su gran popularidad se han realizado compilaciones de la biblioteca para distintos sistemas operativos tradicionales (Windows, Linux, Mac), para dispositivos móviles (Android, iOS) y para sistemas embebidos basados en distintos tipos de procesadores (ARM principalmente). -iPhone port: http://www.eosgarden.com/en/opensource/opencv-ios/overview/ -Android port: http://opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/AndroidExperimental Un ejemplo de plataforma embebida es la tarjeta Zedboard (http://www.zedboard.org/), que representa el estado del arte en dispositivos embebidos basados en la arquitectura Cortex de ARM. La tarjeta incluye un procesador Cortex-A9 dual core junto con una gran cantidad de periféricos y posibilidades de conexión a tarjetas de expansión de terceras partes, lo que permite desarrollar aplicaciones en muy distintos campos de la Visión por Computador

    On the behaviour of Atrazine removal from water using fabrics as anodes and Cathodes

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    [EN] This study examines the degradation of atrazine (ATZ) with Pt-modified textile electrodes using an electrochemical method that is comparatively studied in two electrochemical cell configurations: cells with separated anodic and cathodic compartments (divided configuration); and without any separation (undivided configuration). The influence of the presence of chloride ions was studied. The best results were obtained when an undivided cell was used. The morphology and composition of the dispersed Pt coatings were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis. The FESEM analyses confirmed that the textile surface was effectively modified by the electrocatalytic material. High performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and spectroscopic methods were used to follow the evolution of major oxidation products. Total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and total nitrogen were used to evaluate the degradation efficiency of treated aqueous solutions. The experimental results obtained indicate that the efficiency of the electrochemical treatment was high with a low energy consumption when using electrodes based on textile materials, such as anodes or as cathodes (in particular, in electrolysis without compartment separation). All these can be produced at very competitive pricesSpanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and European Union (FEDER funds) are acknowledged for the financial support (contracts MAT 2016-77742-C2-1-P and CTQ 2017-90659-RED). Chemviron Carbon who kindly donated the FlexzorbTM FM10 activated carbon fabrics and Funding for open access charge, CRUE-Universitat Politècnica de València, are acknowledged tooHamous, H.; Khenifi, A.; Orts Maiques, FJ.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Cases, F. (2022). On the behaviour of Atrazine removal from water using fabrics as anodes and Cathodes. Chemosphere. 291(Part 1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132738S18291Part

    Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the analysis and patterning of graphene materials: A review

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    [EN] Graphene and related materials have recently emerged as outstanding materials due to a range of properties such as high mechanical strength, high electron mobility, thermal conductivity, etc. Due to their high surface area and conductivity, graphene materials have also been used for electrochemical applications such as supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, etc. Therefore, the characterization of the electroactivity of graphene materials is necessary and different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been widely used for this purpose. Scanning electrochemical microscopy has appeared as a unique technique that can be used to test electron transfer kinetics, electroactivity and conductivity of these materials. Even patterns can be created on graphene materials by this technique, This review aims to compile the different works performed with graphene materials and scanning electrochemical microscopy technique and provide new perspectives into the analysis of graphene materials using this technique. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Authors wish to thank to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P) for the financial support. J. Molina is grateful to the Conselleria d'Educacio, Formacio i Ocupacio (Generalitat Valenciana) for the Programa VALi+D Postdoctoral Fellowship (APOSTD/2013/056). Tim Vickers is gratefully acknowledged for help with the English revision.Molina Puerto, J.; Fernández Sáez, J.; Cases Iborra, FJ. (2016). Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the analysis and patterning of graphene materials: A review. Synthetic Metals. 222:145-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.10.019S14516122

    Graphene-based materials for the electrochemical determination of hazardous ions

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    [EN] The use of graphene in the field of electrochemical sensors is increasing due to two main properties that make graphene and derivatives appealing for this purpose: their conductivity and high surface area. In addition, graphene materials can be easily functionalized with nanoparticles (Au, Pt, etc.) or organic molecules (DNA, polymers, etc.) producing synergies that allow higher sensitivity, lower limit of detection as well as increased selectivity. The present review focuses on the most important works published related to graphene-based electrochemical sensors for the determination of hazardous ions (such as As(III), Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Cr(VI), Cu2+, Ag+, etc.). The review presents examples of the use of graphene-based electrodes for this purpose as well as important parameters of the sensors such as: limit of detection, linear range, sensitivity, main interferences, stability, and reproducibility. The application of these graphene-based electrodes in real samples (water or food matrices) is indicated, as well. There is room for improvement of these type of sensors and more effort should be devoted to the use of doped graphene (doped for instance with N, B, S, Se, etc.) since electrochemically active sites originated by doping facilitate charge transfer, adsorption and activation of analytes, and fixation of functional moieties/molecules. This will allow the sensitivity and the selectivity of the electrodes to be increased when combined with other materials (nanoparticles/organic molecules). © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.J. Molina and F. Cases wish to thank to the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P) for the financial support. J. Molina is grateful to the Conselleria d'Educacio, Formacio i Ocupacio (Generalitat Valenciana) for the Programa VALi+D Postdoctoral Fellowship (APOSTD/2013/056). Tim Vickers is gratefully acknowledged for help with the English revision.Molina Puerto, J.; Cases Iborra, FJ.; Moretto, LM. (2016). Graphene-based materials for the electrochemical determination of hazardous ions. Analytica Chimica Acta. 946:9-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.019S93994

    Finding the Additives Incorporation Moment in Hybrid Natural Pigments Synthesis to Improve Bioresin Properties

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    [EN] Interest in applications of natural dye applications has increased because of their antibacterial properties and the possibility of extracting them from nature and residues. Using nanoclays as hosts to reinforce natural dye properties has been successfully demonstrated. However, no one has attempted to optimize the polymer matrix and hybrid pigment properties at the same time to ensure the best final properties for bio-composite applications. Using a statistical design for experiments, we propose the best combination of modifiers with the best nanoclay as the host of three natural dyes: chlorophyll, ß-carotene, and betanine. Using the L9 Taguchi designs, we learned both the influence of the nanoclay structure, and the addition moment of surfactant, mordant salt, and silane modifiers. FTIR, XRD, DTG, integration sphere spectrophotometer, and UV-aging tests were used to characterize the hybrid pigments and epoxy bioresin composites. The degradation temperatures of the three natural dyes rose and the reinforcement of the stability of three natural dyes to UV¿Vis radiation exposure was demonstrated, which avoided the migration of these dyes from bioresin to wet ribbing. Optimal results were obtained with hydrotalcite clay (calcined or not) by using surfactant and mordant before the natural dye, and before or after silane. View Full-TextThis research was funded by Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and the European Union (FEDER funds) (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project DPI2015-65814-R).Micó-Vicent, B.; Jordán Núñez, J.; Perales Romero, E.; Martínez-Verdú, FM.; Cases, F. (2019). Finding the Additives Incorporation Moment in Hybrid Natural Pigments Synthesis to Improve Bioresin Properties. Coatings. 9(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010034S11791Rather, L. J., Shahid-ul-Islam, Shabbir, M., Bukhari, M. N., Shahid, M., Khan, M. A., & Mohammad, F. (2016). Ecological dyeing of Woolen yarn with Adhatoda vasica natural dye in the presence of biomordants as an alternative copartner to metal mordants. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3), 3041-3049. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2016.06.019Kilinc, M., Canbolat, S., Merdan, N., Dayioglu, H., & Akin, F. (2015). Investigation of the Color, Fastness and Antimicrobial Properties of Wool Fabrics Dyed with the Natural Dye Extracted from the Cone of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 2152-2159. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.281Chiari, G., Giustetto, R., Druzik, J., Doehne, E., & Ricchiardi, G. (2007). Pre-columbian nanotechnology: reconciling the mysteries of the maya blue pigment. Applied Physics A, 90(1), 3-7. doi:10.1007/s00339-007-4287-zMicó-Vicent, B., Martínez-Verdú, F. M., Novikov, A., Stavitskaya, A., Vinokurov, V., Rozhina, E., … Lvov, Y. (2017). Stabilized Dye-Pigment Formulations with Platy and Tubular Nanoclays. Advanced Functional Materials, 28(27), 1703553. doi:10.1002/adfm.201703553Kohno, Y., Inagawa, M., Ikoma, S., Shibata, M., Matsushima, R., Fukuhara, C., … Kobayashi, K. (2011). Stabilization of a hydrophobic natural dye by intercalation into organo-montmorillonite. Applied Clay Science, 54(3-4), 202-205. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2011.09.001Kohno, Y., Asai, S., Shibata, M., Fukuhara, C., Maeda, Y., Tomita, Y., & Kobayashi, K. (2014). Improved photostability of hydrophobic natural dye incorporated in organo-modified hydrotalcite. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 75(8), 945-950. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2014.04.010Sanchez-Garcia, M. D., Lopez-Rubio, A., & Lagaron, J. M. (2010). Natural micro and nanobiocomposites with enhanced barrier properties and novel functionalities for food biopackaging applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21(11), 528-536. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2010.07.008Micó-Vicent, B., Jordán, J., Martínez-Verdú, F., & Balart, R. (2016). A combination of three surface modifiers for the optimal generation and application of natural hybrid nanopigments in a biodegradable resin. Journal of Materials Science, 52(2), 889-898. doi:10.1007/s10853-016-0384-8Pérez-Ramírez, J., Abelló, S., & van der Pers, N. M. (2007). Memory Effect of Activated Mg–Al Hydrotalcite: In Situ XRD Studies during Decomposition and Gas-Phase Reconstruction. Chemistry - A European Journal, 13(3), 870-878. doi:10.1002/chem.200600767Sommer, A., Romero, A., Fetter, G., Palomares, E., & Bosch, P. (2013). Exploring and tuning the anchorage of chlorophyllin molecules on anionic clays. Catalysis Today, 212, 186-193. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2013.03.014Ma, Y., Zhu, J., He, H., Yuan, P., Shen, W., & Liu, D. (2010). Infrared investigation of organo-montmorillonites prepared from different surfactants. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 76(2), 122-129. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2010.02.038Liu, D., Yuan, P., Liu, H., Cai, J., Tan, D., He, H., … Chen, T. (2013). Quantitative characterization of the solid acidity of montmorillonite using combined FTIR and TPD based on the NH3 adsorption system. Applied Clay Science, 80-81, 407-412. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2013.07.006Serratos, I. N., Rojas-González, F., Sosa-Fonseca, R., Esparza-Schulz, J. M., Campos-Peña, V., Tello-Solís, S. R., & García-Sánchez, M. A. (2013). Fluorescence optimization of chlorophyll covalently bonded to mesoporous silica synthesized by the sol–gel method. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 272, 28-40. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.08.014İnanç Horuz, T., & Belibağlı, K. B. (2018). Nanoencapsulation by electrospinning to improve stability and water solubility of carotenoids extracted from tomato peels. Food Chemistry, 268, 86-93. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.017Selvi, J. A., Rajendran, S., Sri, V. G., Amalraj, A. J., & Narayanasamy, B. (2009). Corrosion Inhibition by Beet Root Extract. Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, 27(1), 1-11. doi:10.4152/pea.200901001Xie, W., Gao, Z., Pan, W.-P., Hunter, D., Singh, A., & Vaia, R. (2001). Thermal Degradation Chemistry of Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials, 13(9), 2979-2990. doi:10.1021/cm010305

    Enhancement of the Electrochemical Properties of an Open-Pore Graphite Foam with Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide and Alternating Current Dispersed Platinum Particles

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    [EN] This paper aimed to improve the electrochemical activity of a pitch-derived open-pore graphite foam (GF) by an electrochemical coating of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and platinum particles without significantly affecting its 3D-structure. RGO was synthesized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) from a 3 g L(-1)GO and 0.1 M LiClO(4)solution. For the electrodeposition of Pt particles, an alternating current method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used. A sinusoidal voltage from a fixed potential Ei was varied following a selected amplitude (Delta E-ac= +/- 0.35 V) in a frequency range of 8 Hz <= f(i)<= 10Hz, wherei= 500. This method proved its efficiency when compared to the traditional CV by obtaining more highly electroactive coatings in less synthesis time. For samples' characterization, physical measures included permeability, pressure drop, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The electrochemical characterization was performed by CV. The surface morphology and chemical composition were examined using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. RGO improved the electron transfer rate constant of GF, and a more homogeneous coating distribution of reduced size Pt particles was obtained.This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the European Union (FEDER funds) contracts (MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P, MAT2016-77742-C2-2-P). Financial support of Network E3TECH (CTQ2017-90659-REDT) is acknowledged.Fernández Sáez, J.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Molina, JM.; Cases, F. (2020). Enhancement of the Electrochemical Properties of an Open-Pore Graphite Foam with Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide and Alternating Current Dispersed Platinum Particles. Coatings. 10(6):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060551S112106Prieto, R., Louis, E., & Molina, J. M. (2012). Fabrication of mesophase pitch-derived open-pore carbon foams by replication processing. Carbon, 50(5), 1904-1912. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.12.041Molina-Jordá, J. M. (2016). Mesophase pitch-derived graphite foams with selective distribution of TiC nanoparticles for catalytic applications. Carbon, 103, 5-8. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.051Lai, J., Nsabimana, A., Luque, R., & Xu, G. (2018). 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications. Joule, 2(1), 76-93. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.10.005Morozov, S. V., Novoselov, K. S., Katsnelson, M. I., Schedin, F., Elias, D. C., Jaszczak, J. A., & Geim, A. K. (2008). Giant Intrinsic Carrier Mobilities in Graphene and Its Bilayer. Physical Review Letters, 100(1). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.016602Singh, V., Joung, D., Zhai, L., Das, S., Khondaker, S. I., & Seal, S. (2011). Graphene based materials: Past, present and future. Progress in Materials Science, 56(8), 1178-1271. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003Zhou, M., Wang, Y., Zhai, Y., Zhai, J., Ren, W., Wang, F., & Dong, S. (2009). Controlled Synthesis of Large-Area and Patterned Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Films. Chemistry - A European Journal, 15(25), 6116-6120. doi:10.1002/chem.200900596Bonanni, A., & Pumera, M. (2012). Electroactivity of graphene oxide on different substrates. RSC Advances, 2(28), 10575. doi:10.1039/c2ra22079bZhong, M., Song, Y., Li, Y., Ma, C., Zhai, X., Shi, J., … Liu, L. (2012). Effect of reduced graphene oxide on the properties of an activated carbon cloth/polyaniline flexible electrode for supercapacitor application. Journal of Power Sources, 217, 6-12. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.086Yoo, E., Okata, T., Akita, T., Kohyama, M., Nakamura, J., & Honma, I. (2009). Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Pt Subnanoclusters on Graphene Nanosheet Surface. Nano Letters, 9(6), 2255-2259. doi:10.1021/nl900397tKundu, P., Nethravathi, C., Deshpande, P. A., Rajamathi, M., Madras, G., & Ravishankar, N. (2011). Ultrafast Microwave-Assisted Route to Surfactant-Free Ultrafine Pt Nanoparticles on Graphene: Synergistic Co-reduction Mechanism and High Catalytic Activity. Chemistry of Materials, 23(11), 2772-2780. doi:10.1021/cm200329aXin, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Gao, J., Xie, Y., … Zou, Z. (2011). Preparation and characterization of Pt supported on graphene with enhanced electrocatalytic activity in fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources, 196(3), 1012-1018. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.08.051Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Min, Y., Qi, X., & Ben, X. (2013). The simple preparation of graphene/Pt nanoparticles composites and their electrochemical performance. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 24(9), 3244-3248. doi:10.1007/s10854-013-1235-xProducts: Chemically Modified Graphene Oxidehttps://www.nanoinnova.com/product/chemically-modified-g

    Quasi Isolation QoS Setups to Control MPSoC Contention in Integrated Software Architectures

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    Study of the Reuse of Industrial Wastewater After Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluents without External Addition of Chloride

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    [EN] The interference of human beings in the environment is causing rapid intense environmental damage which is particularly evident in the depletion of natural resources. Research into powerful practical treatments to decolorize and degrade colored textile wastewater is an important challenge nowadays for the textile industry due to environmental considerations, along with the potential water saving. It has been verified, in previous studies, that electrochemical oxidation-reduction treatment with doped SnO2 anodes was effective. In particular, those belonging to a trychromy (mix of three reactive dyes) achieved a significant reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), as well as the decolorization of the treated solutions. Subsequently, the next step is to proceed to study and verify that these treated waters can be reused in subsequent dyes and that acceptable values of color equalization in the dyed fabrics can be achieved. The color differences obtained in the dyed fabrics in the four studied reuses are below the threshold of acceptance of color differences in the textile industry, which is one unit. The only electrolyte used was sodium sulphate. Chloride was not added externally in order to avoid as far as possible indirect oxidation. This allows a true test of the electrooxidantion power of the anodes. In these conditions, the Ti/SnO2-Sb-Pt DSA electrode is stable. The degree of mineralization is evaluated by measurements of TOC and COD. These data also allow the Average Oxidation State (AOS) at the end of each electrolysis, as well as information on the efficiency in each case through the Carbon Oxidation State (COS) and Average Current Efficiency (ACE) to be established. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the decolorization kinetics and the evolution of the generated intermediates. Comparison of the spectra obtained by UV-Visible Spectroscopy allows the decolorization from the initial state to the end of the electrolysis to be monitored.The authors wish to thank the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and European Union (FEDER funds) for the financial support (contract MAT2016-77742-C2-1-P). The authors wish to acknowledge Tim Vickers for help with the English revision and Texcoy S.L. company (Spain) where the dyeing processes were done.Orts Maiques, FJ.; Del Río García, AI.; Molina Puerto, J.; Bonastre Cano, JA.; Cases, F. (2019). Study of the Reuse of Industrial Wastewater After Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Effluents without External Addition of Chloride. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 14(2):1733-1750. https://doi.org/10.20964/2019.02.27S1733175014
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