Construction techniques and performances of a full size prototype Micromegas chamber for the ATLAS muon spectrometer upgrade

A full scale prototype of a Micromegas precision tracking chamber for the upgrade of the ATLAS detector at the LHC Collider has been built between October 2015 and April 2016. This paper describes in detail the procedures used in constructing the single modules of the chamber in various INFN laboratories and the final assembly at the Frascati National Laboratories (LNF). Results of the chamber exposure to the CERN H8 beam line in June 2016 are also presented. The performances achieved in the construction and the results of the test beam are compared with the requirements, which are imposed by the severe environment during the data-taking of the LHC foreseen for the next years

Delivering a multi-functional and resilient urban forest

Tree planting is widely advocated and applied in urban areas, with large-scaleprojects underway in cities globally. Numerous potential benefits are used to justify these planting campaigns. However, reports of poor tree survival raise questions about the ability of such projects to deliver on their promises over the long-term. Each potential benefit requires different supporting conditions—relating not only to the type and placement of the tree, but also to the broader urban system within which it is embedded. This set of supportingconditions may not always be mutually compatible and may not persist for the lifetime of the tree. Here, we demonstrate a systems-based approach that makes these dependencies, synergies, and tensions more explicit, allowing them to be used to test the decadal-scale resilience of urban street trees. Our analysis highlights social, environmental, and economic assumptions that are implicit within planting projects; notably that high levels of maintenance and public support for urban street trees will persist throughout their natural lifespan, andthat the surrounding built form will remain largely unchanged. Whilst the vulnerability of each benefit may be highly context specific, we identify approaches that address some typical weaknesses, making a functional, resilient, urban forest more attainable.

Urban resilience:two diverging interpretations

This paper uses two diverging interpretations of resilience to review and assess current UK policies for urban resilience. Both developed in scientific studies, the first interpretation is based on a mechanistic model of systems that can recover their original state after shocks, and the second is based on an evolutionary model enabling adaptation to disturbances. The literature review demonstrates that at present urban resilience is predominantly associated with the former. By contrast, only few policies and studies are inspired by the latter, although this is better suited to analyse dynamics of urban adaptation and manage cities accordingly. The contribution of this paper to an understanding of urban resilience is therefore twofold. First, an identification of the long-term consequences on the built environment associated with each model is provided, with the mechanical model ultimately hindering adaptation. Second, some approaches to generate effective responses to environmental and societal change are identified. Ultimately, this paper emphasises that the idea of a resilient city is fit for this age characterised by uncertainty, albeit it requires the recognition within planning practice that urban adaptation cannot be attained with current methodologies, and that much can be learned from theories on the resilience of ecosystems.

Corporate social responsibility and family business: An overview

This paper aims to examine the main Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dimensions in order to provide a preliminary representation of the several perspectives of study dealt by the literature. Subsequently, for each CSR dimension, a proposition is suggested, which highlights the most critical issues emerging from the literature. Such propositions summarize the main characteristics of CSR dimensions and could be useful for further future studies. Similar approach is applied in the second part of the paper, which is focused on the relationship between CSR and the family business and suggest propositions addressed to some peculiarities of CSR and family business, such as: (a) the association between family ownership and community-related CSR performance and (b) the association between family ownership and the employee-related CSR performance

Are auditors interested in XBRL? A qualitative survey of big auditing firms in Italy

Abstract. Although academics and scholars have called attention to the opportunities and challenges of eXtensive Business Reporting Language (XBRL), new empirical evidence undermines academic assumptions about XBRL’s easy acceptance and widespread use by auditing professionals working in the field. This study examines whether independent auditors in Italy are really convinced about the utility and practicality of XBRL in their work. What is proposed here is a preliminary theoretical framework for surveying auditors’ interest in XBRL. Electronic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to survey Italian auditors’ interest and test the proposed framework. Data analysis was structured by adopting a multiple case approach. Despite the mandatory requirement for Italian unlisted companies to report financial statements in XBRL, the independent auditors’ knowledge about XBRL remains quite low. As a result of the survey, a set of unexpected but clear-cut attitudes emerged to explain auditors’ limited interest in XBRL

Small-ring Compounds. XXI. 3-Methylenecyclobutanone and Related Compounds

Experiments leading to the preparation of 3-methylenecyclobutanone are described. The desired substance was obtained only admixed with 3-methylcyclobutenone and this fact prevented evaluation of possible cross-ring π-type electronic interaction between the double bond and the carbonyl group

Benzyn-Zwischenprodukte in der nukleophilen aromatischen Substitution

Many substitution reactions of aromatic halides, such as amination with metallic amides in ammonia or amine solutions, high-temperature alkaline hydrolyses and arylation with phenyllithium, lead to the formation of rearrangement products as the result of a common reaction path involving unstable ‘benzyne’ intermediates. The chemical evidence in favor of this reaction mechanism is discussed as are correlations of observed product compositions and applications to practical synthetic procedures