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Genetic characterization of Hawaiian isolates of Plasmodium relictum reveals mixed-genotype infections
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens
VĂ€gen till europeisk toppfotboll - En studie av svenska yrkesverksamma utlandsspelares fotbollsutbildningsbakgrund
Svensk fotboll satsar mer pengar Ă€n nĂ„gonsin för att fĂ„ fram spelare av sĂ„ hög kvalite som möjligt och arbetet med talangutveckling gĂ„r lĂ€ngre och lĂ€ngre ner i Ă„ldrarna med bland annat en ny elitförberedande klass i Gothia Cup och Akademicertifiering för U17 och U19 i svenska klubbar. Men vad ger denna satsning för resultat? Denna studie försöker skapa tydlighet kring vilken fotbollsutbildning av bredd och akademi som skapar flest fotbollsspelare som lyckas ta sig till de 20 högst rankade ligorna i Europa. DĂ€refter valdes 101 spelare med olika utbildningsbakgrund ut efter kriterier som innefattar om man har varit i en Akademi samt hur högt man spelat. Data bearbetades i Excel och SPSS och resultatet visade att Akademierna producerar fler spelare till samtliga ligor rankade 1â20 i Europa. Dock visade ett Chi-2 test att det i studiens population inte fanns nĂ„gon skillnad i procentuell fördelning vad gĂ€ller spelare frĂ„n Akademi och bredd. Man kan diskutera om resultatet visar att Akademierna har missat de spelarna som blivit yrkesverksamma utomlands utan att gĂ„ genom en Akademi eller om det handlar mer om talang Ă€n om utbildning för spelare att nĂ„ till toppen i Europa. Den slutsats som till sist drogs var att bĂ„da utbildningarna skapar spelare till liga 1â20 i Europa men att i vĂ„r population var spelare med Akademibakgrund överrepresenterade. Mer forskning med en mer kontrollerad och jĂ€mt fördelad population skulle vara bra för att fĂ„ ett tydligare resultat om samband mellan utbildning och hur högt man kan nĂ„ som fotbollsspelare
Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in people with <i>versus </i>without type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies
Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in people with <i>versus </i>without type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies
Aims/Hypothesis: The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise the study findings on whether GLP-1 secretion in response to a meal tolerance test is affected by the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The influence of putative moderators such as age, sex, meal type, meal form, and assay type were also explored. Methods: A literature search identified 32 relevant studies. The sample mean and SD for fasting GLP-1 TOTAL and GLP-1 TOTAL iAUC were extracted and used to calculate between-group standardised mean differences (SMD), which were meta-analysed using a random-effects model to derive pooled estimates of Hedges' g and 95 % prediction intervals (PI). Results: Pooled across 18 studies, the overall SMD in GLP-1 TOTAL iAUC between individuals with T2D (n = 270, 1047 ± 930 pmol·L â1·min) and individuals without T2D (n = 402, 1204 ± 937 pmol·L â1·min) was very small, not statistically significant and heterogenous across studies (g = â0.15, p = 0.43, PI: â1.53, 1.23). Subgroup analyses demonstrated an effect of assay type whereby Hedges' g for GLP-1 iAUC was greater in individuals with, versus those without T2D when using ELISA or Mesoscale (g = 0.67 [moderate], p = 0.009), but not when using RIA (g = â0.30 [small], p = 0.10). Pooled across 30 studies, the SMD in fasting GLP-1 TOTAL between individuals with T2D (n = 580, 16.2 ± 6.9 pmol·L â1) versus individuals without T2D (n = 1363, 12.4 ± 5.7 pmol·L â1) was small and heterogenous between studies (g = 0.24, p = 0.21, PI: â1.55, 2.02). Conclusions: Differences in fasting GLP-1 TOTAL and GLP-1 TOTAL iAUC between individuals with, versus those without T2D were generally small and inconsistent between studies. Factors influencing study heterogeneity such as small sample sizes and poor matching of groups may help to explain the wide prediction intervals observed. Considerations to improve comparisons of GLP-1 secretion in T2D and potential mediating factors more important than T2D diagnosis per se are outlined. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020195612.</p
Analysis of the trap gene provides evidence for the role of elevation and vector abundance in the genetic diversity of Plasmodium relictum in Hawaii
Reproducibility of four frequently used local heating protocols to assess cutaneous microvascular function.
BACKGROUND: Skin microvascular responses to local heating are frequently used to assess microvascular function. Several local heating protocols have been developed, all varying slightly in execution. The aim of this study was to determine the inter-day reproducibility of the four most commonly used local heating protocols in healthy young subjects. METHODS: Fifteen, healthy males (28±5yrs, BMI 25±2kg/m(2)) attended two experimental trials 2-7days apart. During each trial, baseline and maximal thermally stimulated forearm skin responses were examined simultaneously at four sites on the dominant forearm using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The following heating protocols were adopted: 1. Rapid 39°C (0.5°C/5s), 2. Rapid 42°C (0.5°C/5s) 3. Gradual 42°C (0.5°C/2min 30s) and 4. Slow 42°C (0.5°C/5min). The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for absolute flux, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; flux/mean arterial pressure, MAP) and CVC expressed as a percentage of maximal CVC at 44°C (%CVCmax) at three different time points; baseline (33°C), plateau (39/42°C) and maximal (44°C). RESULTS: Reproducibility of baseline flux, CVC and %CVCmax was 17-29% across all protocols. During the plateau, Rapid, Gradual and Slow 42°C demonstrated a reproducibility of 13-18% for flux and CVC and 5-11% for %CVCmax. However, Rapid 39°C demonstrated a lower reproducibility for flux, CVC and %CVCmax (all 21%). Reproducibility at 44°C was 12-15% for flux and CVC across all protocols. CONCLUSION: This is the first study examining inter-day reproducibility across four local heating protocols. The good-to-moderate reproducibility of the Rapid, Gradual and Slow 42°C protocols support their (simultaneous) use to assess microvascular function. Using Rapid 39°C may require a greater number of subjects to detect differences within subjects
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Experimental Evidence for Evolved Tolerance to Avian Malaria in a Wild Population of Low Elevation Hawaiâi âAmakihi (Hemignathus virens)
Introduced vector-borne diseases, particularly avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) and avian pox
virus (Avipoxvirus spp.), continue to play significant roles in the decline and extinction of native forest birds in
the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian honeycreepers are particularly susceptible to avian malaria and have survived
into this century largely because of persistence of high elevation refugia on Kauaâi, Maui, and Hawaiâi Islands,
where transmission is limited by cool temperatures. The long term stability of these refugia is increasingly
threatened by warming trends associated with global climate change. Since cost effective and practical methods
of vector control in many of these remote, rugged areas are lacking, adaptation through processes of natural
selection may be the best long-term hope for recovery of many of these species. We document emergence of
tolerance rather than resistance to avian malaria in a recent, rapidly expanding low elevation population of
Hawaiâi âAmakihi (Hemignathus virens) on the island of Hawaiâi. Experimentally infected low elevation birds
had lower mortality, lower reticulocyte counts during recovery from acute infection, lower weight loss, and no
declines in food consumption relative to experimentally infected high elevation Hawaiâi âAmakihi in spite of
similar intensities of infection. Emergence of this population provides an exceptional opportunity for determining
physiological mechanisms and genetic markers associated with malaria tolerance that can be used to
evaluate whether other, more threatened species have the capacity to adapt to this disease.Keywords: Tolerance,
Climate change,
Hawaiâi âAmakihi,
Adaptation,
Plasmodium relictum,
Avian malaria,
Honeycreepe
Thermal gradient strategy to improve seeding for high rate zero excess lithium metal batteries
Zero excess lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have traditionally suffered from short cycle life due to nonuniform processes that result in parasitic side reactions and a subsequent loss of lithium inventory and electrolyte. The experiments herein demonstrate that zero excess LMB cells cycled with a low thermal average and thermal gradient outperform cells cycled under isothermal conditions during early cycles. Specifically, a low thermal average of âŒ6.4°C and thermal gradient of <1°C across the cell is shown to increase the overpotential for lithium deposition at the anode current collector, likely resulting in smaller and higher density nucleates, providing film like morphologies observed with microscopy. Improved performance from this approach is demonstrated at high cycling rates (>4C) and mismatched charge/discharge rates. Optimal cycling behavior was observed with 2C charging (30 min) and 3C discharging (20 min). These advantages were translated to the system relevant form factor-pouch cell (20X capacity). Based on the performance enhancement observed with extended application of a thermal gradient, we demonstrate the use of the environment as a formation strategy, to perpetuate improved plating in stripping over the cycle life of zero excess LMBs operating in ambient conditions
Coastal New England pilot study to determine fossil and biogenic formaldehyde source contributions using radiocarbon
Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): D10301, doi:10.1029/2009JD012810.Compound specific radiocarbon analyses of atmospheric formaldehyde are reported as fraction modern (Fm) for a limited number of winter and summer air samples collected in coastal southern New England in 2007. The 11 of 13 samples with Fm 0.2 (max ⌠0.35) were collected on days with strong northwesterly flow and the least urban impact. The Fm data were combined with VOC observations from the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, estimates of oxygenated VOC (OVOC), and back trajectories to interpret the relative contributions of biogenic and fossil carbon sources. It is argued that CH2O sources were dominated by pollutant VOCs and OVOCs from upwind coastal cities as opposed to more local biogenic VOCs at the times of sample collection.This research was supported by a graduate
student internship program at WHOI National Ocean Sciences Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry Facility (NSF OCEâ9807266) and by NASA project
NNG04GB38G
A liquid xenon ionization chamber in an all-fluoropolymer vessel
A novel technique has been developed to build vessels for liquid xenon
ionization detectors entirely out of ultra-clean fluoropolymer. We describe the
advantages in terms of low radioactivity contamination, provide some details of
the construction techniques, and show the energy resolution achieved with a
prototype all-fluoropolymer ionization detector.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure
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