Los "chinos" de Nueva España: migración asiática en el México colonial

De 1565 a 1815 entre 10.000 y 20.000 asiáticos cruzaron el Pacífico de Manila a Acapulco a bordo del galeón de Manila. A pesar de que provenían de un ámbito geográfico extenso que incluía zonas del sur, sureste y este de Asia, estos inmigrantes recibieron el nombre genérico de “chinos”. Esta diáspora se extendió y estableció por buena parte del virreinato, sobre todo a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico, en poblados en el camino entre Acapulco y la ciudad de México y en las principales ciudades del altiplano. La historia de estos inmigrantes pone de relieve la creciente interconectividad global que se produjo entre los siglos XVI y XVIII. Este artículo reconstruye la experiencia de los chinos novohispanos y muestra cómo estos inmigrantes perturbaron el delicado equilibrio de relaciones de poder existentes entre los diferentes grupos étnicos presentes en el México colonial.From 1565 to 1815, between 10,000 and 20,000 Asians crossed the Pacific from Manila to Acapulco on board the Manila Galleon. Despite coming from an extensive geographical area which included regions from Southern, Southeast and East Asia, these immigrants were given the generic name of “Chinese”. This group spread and settled in large areas of the viceroyalty, above all along the Pacific coast in towns between Acapulco and Mexico City and in the main cities of the high plateau. The story of these immigrants highlights the growing global interconnectivity which took place between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. This article reconstructs the experience of these Novohispanic Chinese and shows how they upset the delicate balance of power relationships which existed among the different ethnic groups present in colonial Mexico

Asians to New Spain. Asian cultural and migratory flows in Mexico in the early stages of "globalization" (1565-1816)

La tesi explica l'origen i establiment de la primera diàspora asiàtica permanent en el continent americà. Entre 10.000 i 20.000 persones procedents de diverses regions de l'àmbit del sud, sud-est i est d'Àsia van arribar al virregnat de la Nova Espanya a partir de l'establiment de la ruta comercial entre Acapulco i Manila, coneguda com el galió de Manila, a 1573. L'argument central que es presenta és que aquests homes i dones, coneguts en el Mèxic colonial amb el nom genèric de 'chinos', van incidir de manera notable en la societat novohispana i van desenvolupar estratègies per sobreviure i créixer en el complex entramat social de la colònia. Documentalment la tesi contribueix al coneixement d'aquesta diàspora en incorporar fonts baptismals de la ciutat de Mèxic, presentar un exhaustiu corpus de fonts que informen del cas inèdit de la ciutat de Puebla i avaluar la ressonància d'aquest grup i del galió de Manila a les lletres novohispanes.La tesis explica el origen y establecimiento de la primera diáspora asiática permanente en el continente americano. Entre 10.000 y 20.000 personas procedentes de diversas regiones del ámbito del sur, sureste y este de Asia llegaron al virreinato de la Nueva España a partir del establecimiento de la ruta comercial entre Acapulco y Manila, conocida como el galeón de Manila, en 1573. El argumento central que se presenta es que estos hombres y mujeres, conocidos en el México colonial con el nombre genérico de 'chinos', incidieron de manera notable en la sociedad novohispana y desarrollaron estrategias para sobrevivir y medrar en el complejo entramado social de la colonia. Documentalmente la tesis contribuye al conocimiento de esta diáspora al incorporar fuentes bautismales de la ciudad de México, presentar un exhaustivo corpus de fuentes que informan del caso inédito de la ciudad de Puebla y evaluar la resonancia de este grupo y del galeón de Manila en las letras novohispanas.This thesis explains the origin and establishment of the first permanent Asian diaspora in the Americas. Between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals hailing from various places in South, South East and East Asia arrived to the viceroyalty of New Spain after the establishment of the trade route between Acapulco and Manila, known as the Manila Galleon, in 1573. The chief argument presented is that these men and women, labeled in colonial Mexico with the generic term chino, had a considerable impact in New Spanish society and developed strategies to survive and thrive in the complex social structure of the colony. In terms of sources, the thesis contributes to the knowledge of this diaspora by incorporating baptismal sources from Mexico City, presenting an exhaustive corpus that outlines the previously unstudied case of the city of Puebla, and by assessing the repercussion of this group and the Manila Galleon in New Spanish literature

Catalytic Enantioselective Transannular Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction

Catalytic and enantioselective approaches to transannular reactions are very limited and mostly are based on chiral Lewis acid catalyzed pericyclic reactions. In this report, we present an efficient and straightforward methodology to access bicyclic carbo- and heterocyclic scaffolds combining different ring sizes through transannular Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction catalyzed by a chiral enantiopure bifunctional phosphine. The reaction is remarkably wide in scope and enables the use of a variety of medium and large size ketoenone substrates leading to the final products in high yields and providing excellent stereocontrol in the formation of a quaternary stereogenic center at the ring fusion. Moreover, its potential as a general tool in organic synthesis has been highlighted through the accomplishment of the first enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-γ-gurjunene, a sesquiterpene natural product.Spanish MICINN (FEDER-CTQ2017-83633-P 52107-P) and the Basque Government (GruposIT908-16 and fellowship to R. Mato

Kinetic Resolution in Transannular Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction: An Approximation to the Synthesis of Sesquiterpenes from Guaiane Family

An approximation to the synthesis of several sesquiterpenes from the Guaiane family is described in which the core structure was obtained through a transannular Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction performed under kinetic resolution. Several manipulations of the obtained MBH adduct have been carried out directed towards the total synthesis of γ-Gurjunene, to the formal synthesis of Clavukerin A, to the synthesis of a non-natural isomer of isoguaiane and to the synthesis of an advanced intermediate in the total synthesis of Palustrol.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), grant numbers FEDER-CTQ2017-83633P and FEDER-PID2020-118422-GB-I00 and by the Basque Government, grant number Grupos IT908-16

Catalytic enantioselective domino Michael/transannular aldol reaction under bifunctional catalysis

The enantioselective Michael reaction catalyzed by a bifunctional tertiary amine/squaramide has been used to trigger a Michael/transannular aldol cascade process that leads to densely substituted bicyclo[5.4.0]undecanes and in which three contiguous stereogenic centres, one of them a tertiary alcohol moiety, have been formed in a fully stereocontrolled fashion.Spanish MICINN(FEDER-CTQ201783633-P), Basque Government (Grupos IT908-16 and fellowships to R.Mato and R.Manzano

γ-Substituted Allenic Amides in the Phosphine-Catalyzed Enantioselective Higher Order Cycloaddition with Azaheptafulvenes

Racemic γ-substituted allenes undergo enantioselective higher order [8 + 2]-cycloaddition with azaheptafulvenes using a chiral amino acid derived amidophosphine as catalyst, providing the corresponding azaazulenoid cycloadducts with excellent levels of regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. In this reaction, the activated allylic phosphonium ylide intermediate participates as the C2-component of the reaction, in contrast to the conventional reactivity of this type of zwitterionic intermediates as C3-components in cycloaddition reactions.Spanish MCIU (FEDER-CTQ2017-83633-P), Basque Government (IT908-16 and postdoctoral contract to R.M.), UPV/EHU (predoctoral fellowship to E.D.

Trabeculated Myocardium in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Consequences

Aims: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is often accompanied by increased trabeculated myocardium (TM)-which clinical relevance is unknown. We aim to measure the left ventricular (LV) mass and proportion of trabeculation in an HCM population and to analyze its clinical implication. Methods and Results: We evaluated 211 patients with HCM (mean age 47.8 +/- 16.3 years, 73.0% males) with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) studies. LV trabecular and compacted mass were measured using dedicated software for automatic delineation of borders. Mean compacted myocardium (CM) was 160.0 +/- 62.0 g and trabecular myocardium (TM) 55.5 +/- 18.7 g. The percentage of trabeculated myocardium (TM%) was 26.7% +/- 6.4%. Females had significantly increased TM% compared to males (29.7 +/- 7.2 vs. 25.6 +/- 5.8, p < 0.0001). Patients with LVEF < 50% had significantly higher values of TM% (30.2% +/- 6.0% vs. 26.6% +/- 6.4%, p = 0.02). Multivariable analysis showed that female gender and neutral pattern of hypertrophy were directly associated with TM%, while dynamic obstruction, maximal wall thickness and LVEF% were inversely associated with TM%. There was no association between TM% with arterial hypertension, physical activity, or symptoms. Atrial fibrillation and severity of hypertrophy were the only variables associated with cardiovascular death. Multivariable analysis failed to demonstrate any correlation between TM% and arrhythmias. Conclusions: Approximately 25% of myocardium appears non-compacted and can automatically be measured in HCM series. Proportion of non-compacted myocardium is increased in female, non-obstructives, and in those with lower contractility. The amount of trabeculation might help to identify HCM patients prone to systolic heart failure

Predictors of Loss of Functional Independence in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up and Comparison with a Control Group

COPPADIS Study Group.[Background and objective] The aim of this study was to compare the progression of independence in activities of daily living (ADL) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients versus a control group, as well as to identify predictors of disability progression and functional dependency (FD).[Patients and Methods] PD patients and control subjects, who were recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort between January 2016 and November 2017 (V0), were included. Patients and subjects were then evaluated again at the 2-year follow-up (V2). Disability was assessed with the Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale (S&E-ADLS) at V0 and V2. FD was defined as an S&E-ADLS score less than 80%.[Results] In the PD group, a significant decrease in the S&E-ADLS score from V0 to V2 (N = 507; from 88.58 ± 10.19 to 84.26 ± 13.38; p < 0.0001; Cohen’s effect size = −0.519) was observed but not in controls (N = 124; from 98.87 ± 6.52 to 99.52 ± 2.15; p = 0.238). When only patients considered functional independent at baseline were included, 55 out of 463 (11.9%) converted to functional dependent at V2. To be a female (OR = 2.908; p = 0.009), have longer disease duration (OR = 1.152; p = 0.002), have a non-tremoric motor phenotype at baseline (OR = 3.574; p = 0.004), have a higher score at baseline in FOGQ (OR = 1.244; p < 0.0001) and BDI-II (OR = 1.080; p = 0.008), have a lower score at baseline in PD-CRS (OR = 0.963; p = 0.008), and have a greater increase in the score from V0 to V2 in UPDRS-IV (OR = 1.168; p = 0.0.29), FOGQ (OR = 1.348; p < 0.0001) and VAFS-Mental (OR = 1.177; p = 0.013) (adjusted R-squared 0.52; Hosmer and Lemeshow test = 0.94) were all found to be independent predictors of FD at V2.[Conclusions] In conclusion, autonomy for ADL worsens in PD patients compared to controls. Cognitive impairment, gait problems, fatigue, depressive symptoms, more advanced disease, and a non-tremor phenotype are independent predictors of FD in the short-term.Fundación Curemos el Parkinson (www.curemoselparkinson.org).Peer reviewe

Predictors of Global Non-Motor Symptoms Burden Progression in Parkinson’s Disease. Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up

COPPADIS Study Group.[Background and Objective] Non-motor symptoms (NMS) progress in different ways between Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The aim of the present study was to (1) analyze the change in global NMS burden in a PD cohort after a 2-year follow-up, (2) to compare the changes with a control group, and (3) to identify predictors of global NMS burden progression in the PD group.[Material and Methods] PD patients and controls, recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017, were followed-up with after 2 years. The Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) was administered at baseline (V0) and at 24 months ± 1 month (V2). Linear regression models were used for determining predictive factors of global NMS burden progression (NMSS total score change from V0 to V2 as dependent variable).[Results] After the 2-year follow-up, the mean NMS burden (NMSS total score) significantly increased in PD patients by 18.8% (from 45.08 ± 37.62 to 53.55 ± 42.28; p < 0.0001; N = 501; 60.2% males, mean age 62.59 ± 8.91) compared to no change observed in controls (from 14.74 ± 18.72 to 14.65 ± 21.82; p = 0.428; N = 122; 49.5% males, mean age 60.99 ± 8.32) (p < 0.0001). NMSS total score at baseline (β = −0.52), change from V0 to V2 in PDSS (Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale) (β = −0.34), and change from V0 to V2 in NPI (Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (β = 0.25) provided the highest contributions to the model (adjusted R-squared 0.41; Durbin-Watson test = 1.865).[Conclusions] Global NMS burden demonstrates short-term progression in PD patients but not in controls and identifies worsening sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as significant independent predictors of this NMS progression.This research was funded by Fundación Española de Ayuda a la Investigación en Parkinson y otras Enfermedades Neuro-degenerativas (Curemos el Parkinson; www.curemoselparkinson.org).Peer reviewe

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality