Visualización, predicción y análisis de variables climáticas del océano Atlántico mediante técnicas de aprendizaje automático

El clima del océano Atlántico tropical está caracterizado por un gran ciclo estacional, que presenta una significativa variabilidad océano-atmosférica a escalas interanuales y decadales. Existen dos fenómenos principales que explican estas variaciones climáticas, el denominado modo ecuatorial y el modo meridional o dipolo. El primero se caracteriza por fases cálidas, con vientos alisios débiles y temperaturas en la superficie del mar anormalmente altas, así como por fases frías con vientos fuertes y temperaturas del mar inusualmente bajas. El segundo de estos modos se define como la oscilación en el gradiente de temperatura del mar entre el norte y el sur (dipolo), y está relacionado con los desplazamientos de la zona de convergencia intertropical. Ambos modos de variabilidad afectan de manera importante al régimen de precipitaciones de las regiones tropicales. El alto coste socioeconómico que implica estas fluctuaciones, justifica el interés de la comunidad científica en estudiar dichos procesos climáticos. La red de boyas fijas en el Atlántico tropical denominada PIRATA (Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic), adquiere variables atmosféricas y oceánicas en diferentes localizaciones del Atlántico. La finalidad de esta monitorización del océano es proporcionar un conjunto de datos que permita mejorar el conocimiento sobre los diferentes procesos que afectan a la variabilidad climática y, por tanto, posibiliten la mejora de los modelos de predicción. En esta Tesis Doctoral, con la finalidad de mejorar la comprensión de estos fenómenos climáticos, se plantea el análisis de los datos PIRATA mediante diferentes técnicas estadísticas y algoritmos de aprendizaje automático. En concreto, se propone el análisis de la relación entre el dipolo y las anomalías de lluvia, la identificación de patrones en los conjuntos de datos, así como la obtención de predicciones diarias y mensuales de la temperatura en la superficie del mar. Además, se presenta una herramienta diseñada para descargar y visualizar los datos PIRATA, que permite también la obtención de predicciones de la temperatura en la superficie del mar y la observación del modo dipolo.The climate of the tropical Atlantic ocean is characterized by a large seasonal cycle, whith a significant ocean-atmospheric variability at interannual and decadal timescales. There are two main phenomena that explain these climatic variations, the so-called equatorial mode and the meridional or dipole mode. The first is characterized by warm phases, with weak trade winds and unusually high sea surface temperatures, as well as cold phases with strong trade winds and unusually low temperatures. The second of these modes is defined as the gradient oscillation of the sea surface temperature between the north and the south (dipole), and is related to the displacements of the intertropical convergence zone. Both modes of variability significantly affect the precipitation regime of the tropical regions. The high socioeconomic cost that these fluctuations imply, justifies the interest of the scientific community in studying these climatic processes. The Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) acquires atmospheric and oceanic variables in different Atlantic locations. The purpose of this ocean monitoring is to provide a dataset that allows to improve the knowledge on the different processes that affect the climatic variability and, therefore, make possible the improvement of the forecast models. This Doctoral Thesis proposes the application of different statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms in the PIRATA data to improve the understanding of these climatic events. Specifically, it is proposed the analysis of the relationship between the dipole and rainfall anomalies, the identification of patterns in the datasets, as well as obtaining daily and monthly forecasts of the sea surface temperature. In addition, a software tool designed to download and display PIRATA data is presented, which also allows to obtain sea surface temperature forecasts and observe the dipole mode

Sequence Control Strategy for Grid-Forming Voltage Source Converters Based on the Virtual-Flux Orientation under Balanced and Unbalanced Faults

Renewable power generation has increased in recent years, which has led to a decrease in the use of synchronous generators (SGs). These power plants are mainly connected to the power system through electronic converters. One of the main differences between electronic converters connected to power systems and SGs connected to the grid is the current contribution during faults, which can have an impact on protection systems. New grid codes set requirements for fast current injection, but the converters' maximum current limitation during faults make it challenging to develop control strategies for such current contribution. This paper presents a positive and negative sequence current injection strategy according to the new Spanish grid code requirements for the novel grid-forming converter control algorithm based on virtual-flux orientation. The behavior of the proposed strategy is tested in a hardware in the loop (HiL) experimental set-up under balanced faults, meaning that the fault is symmetrically distributed among the three phases, and unbalanced faults, where the fault current is distributed asymmetrically between the phases.This paper was supported by the Spanish Research Agency under project reference PID2019-106028RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Estratigrafía del subsuelo y evolución sedimentaria del sector sur de la cuenca terciaria del Duero

This paper describes the main stratigraphic characters of the Palaeogene and Neogene subsurface successions of the southern sector of the Tertiary Duero Basin. Data have been obtained by the analysis of several hundred wells performed in this area. These successions are separated by the Alba-Villoria fault; which acted as a normal fault during the Neogene. The Palaeogene successions develop a wedge geometry thickening towards the northeast and show a complex internal organization with a high degree of lateral and vertical variability making difficult its correlation. They have been interpreted as meandering and braided fluvial channels. The Neogene successions show an mostly lobe geometry emerging from the Alba-Villoria fault and the southern margin of the basin. These coarse-grained lobes change to the east and the northeast into a lutitic realm. The main features of the infilling of the Neogene basin have been illustrated through five coarse detrital percentage maps

Alterations in Energy Partitioning and Methane Emissions in Murciano-Granadina Goats Fed Orange Leaves and Rice Straw as a Replacement for Beet Pulp and Barley Straw

[EN] Reducing methane emissions in ruminants with the recycling of agro-industrial by-products is of great importance today. Pruning waste from citrus trees is currently burned or incorporated into soil. Regarding rice straw, this waste is traditionally eliminated through controlled burning, releasing into the atmosphere large amounts of greenhouse gases as well. The aim of this study was to convert this recovered waste into a new animal feed capable of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. The interest in use waste by-products for ruminant nutrition is increasing. Therefore, we replace the beet pulp and cereal straw from dry-non-pregnant goats' diet with orange leaves and rice straw with the objective of studying their effect upon intake, digestibility, energy efficiency, carbon and nitrogen balance, and methane emissions. Considering the huge quantities of crops by-products and pruning waste such as rice straw and citrus leaves produced annually worldwide, and their potential pollution capacity, recycling as feed for livestock is an alternative. The objective was to study these by-products effect on energy balance and methane emissions in 10 Murciano-Granadina goats at maintenance. The control diet (CTR) included barley straw and beet pulp while the experimental diet (ORG) consisted of rice straw and orange leaves. Differences were found for energy intake (248 kJ/kg of BW0.75 greater for CTR than ORG). The intake of metabolizable energy was 199 kJ/kg of BW0.75 lower in ORG than CTR, and the energy efficiency was higher with CTR (0.61) than ORG (0.48). Protein retained in the body was 9 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG, and fat retention in the body was approximately 108 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG. Despite more unfavorable energy balance in response to feeding ORG than CTR, the retention of body energy was always positive. Reductions in CH4 emissions were detected when goats were fed ORG diet (from 22.3 to 20.0 g/d). Overall results suggested that feeding orange leaves and rice straw was effective in reducing CH4 emissions without adversely affecting energy balance.This study was supported by LIFE Project, Spain (ref. LIFE2016/CCM/ES/000088 LOW CARBON FEED).Romero Rueda, T.; Palomares Carrasco, JL.; Moya, V.; Loor, JJ.; Fernández Martínez, CJ. (2021). Alterations in Energy Partitioning and Methane Emissions in Murciano-Granadina Goats Fed Orange Leaves and Rice Straw as a Replacement for Beet Pulp and Barley Straw. Animals. 11(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010038S11411

On the monitoring of surface displacement in connection with volcano reactivation in Tenerife, Canary Islands, using space techniques

Geodetic volcano monitoring in Tenerife has mainly focused on the Las Cañadas Caldera, where a geodetic micronetwork and a levelling profile are located. A sensitivity test of this geodetic network showed that it should be extended to cover the whole island for volcano monitoring purposes. Furthermore, InSAR allowed detecting two unexpected movements that were beyond the scope of the traditional geodetic network. These two facts prompted us to design and observe a GPS network covering the whole of Tenerife that was monitored in August 2000. The results obtained were accurate to one centimetre, and confirm one of the deformations, although they were not definitive enough to confirm the second one. Furthermore, new cases of possible subsidence have been detected in areas where InSAR could not be used to measure deformation due to low coherence. A first modelling attempt has been made using a very simple model and its results seem to indicate that the deformation observed and the groundwater level variation in the island may be related. Future observations will be necessary for further validation and to study the time evolution of the displacements, carry out interpretation work using different types of data (gravity, gases, etc) and develop models that represent the island more closely. The results obtained are important because they might affect the geodetic volcano monitoring on the island, which will only be really useful if it is capable of distinguishing between displacements that might be linked to volcanic activity and those produced by other causes. One important result in this work is that a new geodetic monitoring system based on two complementary techniques, InSAR and GPS, has been set up on Tenerife island. This the first time that the whole surface of any of the volcanic Canary Islands has been covered with a single network for this purpose. This research has displayed the need for further similar studies in the Canary Islands, at least on the islands which pose a greater risk of volcanic reactivation, such as Lanzarote and La Palma, where InSAR techniques have been used already

Differences in Inter-Rectus Distance and Abdominopelvic Function between Nulliparous, Primiparous and Multiparous Women

Widening of the inter-rectus distance (IRD) is highly prevalent among postpartum women and can lead to dysfunction of abdominopelvic muscles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in IRD and abdominopelvic function between nulliparous, primiparous and multiparous women. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 women (25 nulliparous, 25 primiparous and 25 multiparous at 6 months postpartum). The participants underwent ultrasound assessment under three conditions (at rest, abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) and curl-up) at two locations (2 cm above and 2 cm below the umbilicus). Furthermore, abdominopelvic muscle function was determined by prone, supine and side bridge tests. In all conditions and locations, the IRD were significantly higher (p 0.05) IRD at rest and during ADIM compared to the primiparous women. Regarding abdominopelvic muscle function, differences were only significant (p < 0.05) between the nulliparous with primiparous women in prone and supine conditions. These findings suggest that parity influences IRD: women at 6 months postpartum present greater IRD compared to nulliparous women; multiparous women present greater IRD at rest and during the activation of deep abdominal muscles than primiparous women; and primiparous women exhibit worse abdominopelvic muscle function than nulliparous women

Immune Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer: A New Hallmark to Change Old Paradigms

Impact of immune microenvironment in prognosis of solid tumors has been extensively studied in the last few years. Specifically in colorectal carcinoma, increased knowledge of the immune events around these tumors and their relation with clinical outcomes have led to consider immune microenvironment as one of the most important prognostic factors in this disease. In this review we will summarize and update the current knowledge with respect to this intriguing and complex new hallmark of cancer, paying special attention to infiltration by T-infiltrating lymphocytes and their subtypes in colorectal cancer, as well as its eventual clinical translation in terms of long-term prognosis. Finally, we suggest some possible investigational approaches based on combinatorial strategies to trigger and boost immune reaction against tumor cells

Expression of epicardial adipose tissue thermogenic genes in patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction heart failure

[Abstract] Epicardial adipose tissue has been proposed to participate in the pathogenesis of heart failure. The aim of our study was to assess the expression of thermogenic genes (Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), and PR-domain-missing 16 (PRDM16) in epicardial adipose tissue in patients with heart failure, stablishing the difference according to left ventricular ejection fraction (reduced or preserved). Among the 75 patients in our study, 42.7% (n=32) had reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. UCP1, PGC1α and PRDM16 mRNA in EAT were significantly lower in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Multiple regression analysis showed that age, male gender, body max index, presence of obesity, type-2-diabetes mellitus, hypertension and coronary artery disease and left ventricular ejection fraction were associated with the expression levels of UCP1, PGC1α and PRDM16 mRNA. Thermogenic genes expressions in epicardial adipose tissue (UCP1: OR 0.617, 95%CI 0.103-0.989, p=0.042; PGC1α: OR 0.416, 95%CI 0.171-0.912, p=0.031; PRDM16: OR 0.643, 95%CI 0.116-0.997, p=0.044) were showed as protective factors against the presence of heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and age (OR 1.643, 95%CI 1.001-3.143, p=0.026), presence of coronary artery disease (OR 6.743, 95%CI 1.932-15.301, p<0.001) and type-2-diabetes mellitus (OR 4.031, 95%CI 1.099-7.231, p<0.001) were associated as risk factors. The adequate expression of thermogenic genes has been shown as possible protective factors against heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, suggesting that a loss of functional epicardial adipose tissue brown-like features would participate in a deleterious manner on heart metabolism. Thermogenic genes could represent a future novel therapeutic target in heart failure.Ministerio de Salud, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; PI13/02542Ministerio de Salud, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; PI11/01661Red de Investigación Cardiovascular (España), RD12/0042/003

Targeting ribosomal G-quadruplexes with naphthalene-diimides as RNA polymerase I inhibitors for colorectal cancer treatment

17 pags., 6 figs., 2 tabs.Sanchez-Martin et al. report a mode of action for naphthalene-diimides, a well-known class of G-quadruplexes ligands. Their work provides evidence of naphthalene-diimides targeting G-quadruplexes in ribosomal DNA, inducing a blockade of RNA polymerase I-mediated transcription and cell death. These compounds could be exploited in colorectal cancer treatment.This work was supported by the European Commission (TAR- BRAINFECT to J.A.G.-S.) and the National Institutes of Health (GM084946 to D.A.S.). The Government of Spain granted with PhD fellowships FPU16/ 05822 to V.S.-M. and FPU17/05413 to A.S.-L. The University of Almeria granted with PhD fellowship to M.O.-G. Funding for open access charge: Eu- ropean Commissio

Recensiones [Revista de Historia Económica Año XIII Primavera-Verano 1995 n. 2 pp. 349-394]

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaAndrés Hoyo Aparicio. Todo mudó de repente. El horizonte económico de la burguesía mercantil en Santander, 1820-1974(Por Joaquim Cuevas Casaña).-- Pérez-Fuentes Hernández. Vivir y morir en las minas: estrategias familiares y relaciones de género en la primera industrialización vizcaína (1877-1913) (Por Valerie Herr).-- Francisco López Villarejo. Linares durante el Sexenio Revolucionario (1868-1975). Estudio de su evolución demográfica, política y socioeconómica(Por Andrés Moreno Mengíbar).-- Anaclet Pons y Justo Serna. La ciudad extensa. La burguesía comercial-financtera en la Valencia de mediados del XIX (Por Carlos Larrinaga Rodríguez).-- Alain Huetz de Lemps. Vignobles et vins dEspagne(Por Juan Luis Pan-Montojo González).-- Eugenio Baraja. La industria azucarera y el cultivo de la remolacha del Duero en el contexto nacional (Por José de la Cuesta).-- Raúl García Eras. Transportes, negocios y política: La Compañía Anglo-Argentina de tranvías: 1876-1981(Por Ángel Rodríguez Carrasco).-- María Antonia Marqués Dolz. Estado y economía en la antesala de la revolución, 1940-1952(Por Antonio Santamaría García).-- Daniel Díaz Fuentes. Las Políticas fiscales latinoamericanas frente a la Gran Depresión, Argentina, Brasil y México (1920-1940)(Por Agustín Liona Rodríguez).-- Larry Neal. The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason(Por Carlos Marichal).-- Eugenia Mata y Nuño Valerio; Mirian Halpern Pereira. Historia económica de Portugal Urna perspectiva global; Das revolugóes liberéis do Estado Novo(Por Eloy Fernández Clemente).-- John F. Chown. A History of Moneyfrom AD 800 (Por J. Ignacio Peña).-- Paul Bairoch. Economics and World History. Myths and Paradoxes(Por Pedro Fraile)Publicad