Développement et évaluation d'outils de promotion de la saine alimentation axés sur le plaisir ou sur la santé

Les initiatives actuelles de promotion de la saine alimentation fondées essentiellement sur une approche cognitive qui valorise les bénéfices pour la santé et le poids de la consommation d’aliments sains demeurent généralement inefficaces tel que démontré par la difficulté des individus à adhérer aux recommandations alimentaires. Il est donc impératif de revoir les stratégies utilisées actuellement afin d’accroître la qualité de l’alimentation de la population. De récentes études ont laissé entrevoir le potentiel d’une approche axée sur le plaisir alimentaire pour encourager les choix alimentaires sains. Toutefois, encore peu d’études ont porté sur le sujet et poursuivre la recherche sur l’effet d’une telle approche sur les choix et les comportements alimentaires demeure essentiel. Le projet de recherche effectué dans le cadre de ce mémoire visait donc, dans un premier temps, à développer deux versions d’un outil de promotion de la saine alimentation, soit une version axée sur le plaisir de manger sainement et une version traditionnelle axée sur les attributs santé des aliments sains et, dans un deuxième temps, à comparer la perception d’adultes canadiens-français (N=100) de ces deux approches et évaluer leurs effets potentiels sur l’adoption d’une saine alimentation. Les résultats indiquent que ces deux versions sont perçues comme véhiculant deux approches distinctes et que la version « plaisir » du dépliant est en mesure d’induire la perception selon laquelle bien manger peut être plaisant. Cette version est également susceptible de susciter un changement de comportement par l’amélioration de l’attitude affective envers la saine alimentation et de l’intention de manger sainement. Ces outils pourront donc servir dans de futures études d’intervention visant à explorer le potentiel d’une approche axée sur plaisir de manger pour encourager les saines habitudes alimentaires au sein de la population.Existing initiatives to promote healthy eating based primarily on a cognitive approach emphasizing the benefits on health and weight of consuming nutritious foods remain largely ineffective as individuals struggle to adhere to dietary recommendations. It is therefore of significant importance to challenge and review the strategies currently used to increase the quality of the population’s diet. Recent studies have indicated the potential of an approach oriented towards eating pleasure to promote the consumption of healthy foods. However, few studies have examined this topic and further investigation on the effect of such an approach on eating choices and behaviours is needed. The research project carried out as part of this thesis aimed, as a first step, at developing two versions of a healthy eating promotion tool, i.e. a version focusing on the pleasure of eating healthily and a traditional version focusing on health attributes of healthy foods. Secondly, it aimed at comparing perceptions of Canadian adults towards these two approaches (a pleasure vs. a health perspective) and to evaluate their potential effects on the adoption of healthy eating. The results showed that these two versions are perceived as conveying two distinct approaches, and that the “pleasure” version of the tool is capable of inducing the perception that eating healthy can be pleasurable and is likely to trigger behavioural changes through improved affective attitude towards healthy eating and intention to eat healthily. These tools could therefore be used in future intervention studies aiming to explore the potential of an eating pleasure-oriented approach to encourage healthy eating habits of the populatio

L’asile religieux, entre lecture libérale et républicaine : quels défis pour les sociétés démocratiques?

This article resituates analyses on religious asylum in a reflection on democracy. Religious asylum as a special form of civil disobedience opens an inquiry into the legitimacy of the latter in a democratic context. We first examine the contradictions raised by civil disobedience in relation to the liberal and republican conceptions of political obligation in a democracy. We then focus on religious asylum, and finally examine how each of the previous conceptions of democracy can justify or, conversely, restrict this form of civil disobedience.L’article réinscrit les analyses sur l’asile religieux au sein d’une réflexion sur la démocratie.L’asile religieux comme forme particulière de désobéissance civile ouvre à une interrogation sur la légitimité de celle-ci dans un contexte démocratique.Nous considérons d’abord les contradic­tions que soulève la désobéissance civile par rapport aux conceptions libérales et républicaines de l’obligation poli­tique dans les démocraties.Nous nous penchons ensuite sur l’asile religieux, pour enfin examiner la façon dont chacune des précédentes conceptions de la démocratie peut légitimer ou, au contraire, restreindre cette forme de déso­béissance civile

La santé psychologique et la conciliation travail-famille des infirmières en soins ambulatoires à l’ère de la COVID-19 : résultats d’une enquête

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted nurses’ psychological health and work-family balance, including in ambulatory care settings. The results presented in this article are part of a study aiming to describe and contextualize the psychological health and changes in nurses’ follow-up practices in Quebec (Canada) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Explore and describe factors that influenced ambulatory care nurses’ psychological health and work-family balance during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Exploratory mixed data cross-sectional study using the SurveyMonkey platform. We collected data from July 2020 to September 2020. The target population comprised all practicing nurses in Quebec whose clinical activities included the follow-up of ambulatory patients, 200 of whom completed the survey.  Results: Multiple linear regression models indicated that anxiety (GAD-7 scores) and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores) were associated with younger age, living alone, worries about transmitting COVID-19, and feeling that one’s work was not coherent with one’s values. Work-family balance was considered more difficult than before the pandemic by 54.5 % of participants. Factors perceived as influencing work-family balance were either related to work conditions (e.g., schedule and time at work, access to work from home, redeployment to another work setting), to family-related responsibilities/tasks or were specific to the pandemic. Discussion and conclusion: Apart from age, the feeling that one’s work was not coherent with their values was the only variable correlated with both GAD-7 and PHQ-9 in multivariate models. Further research should investigate the relationships between sense of coherence, psychological health, and work conditions like schedule flexibility and access to work from home.Introduction : La pandémie a eu des répercussions sur la santé psychologique et la conciliation travail-famille des infirmières, y compris dans les milieux de soins ambulatoires. Les résultats présentés dans cet article font partie d’une étude visant à décrire et contextualiser la santé psychologique et l’évolution des pratiques de suivi infirmier au Québec (Canada) lors de la pandémie de COVID-19. Objectif : Explorer et décrire les facteurs qui ont influencé la santé psychologique et la conciliation travail-famille des infirmières en soins ambulatoires pendant la première vague de la pandémie de COVID-19. Méthodes : Enquête exploratoire avec données mixtes par le biais de la plateforme SurveyMonkey. Les données ont été collectées de juillet 2020 à septembre 2020. La population cible était toutes les infirmières du Québec dont les activités cliniques incluaient le suivi de patients ambulatoires ; 200 infirmières ont participé. Résultats : Les modèles de régression ont indiqué que les symptômes anxieux (scores au GAD-7) et dépressifs (scores au PHQ-9) étaient associés à un plus jeune âge, au fait de vivre seul, aux inquiétudes concernant la transmission de la COVID-19 et au sentiment que son travail n’était pas cohérent avec ses valeurs. La conciliation travail-famille était jugée plus difficile qu’avant la pandémie par 54,5 % des participants. Les facteurs perçus comme l’influençant étaient soit liés aux conditions de travail (p. ex., horaire et temps de travail, télétravail, délestage), aux tâches familiales, ou étaient spécifiques à la pandémie. Discussion et conclusion : Outre l’âge, le sentiment que son travail n’était pas cohérent avec ses valeurs était la seule variable corrélée à la fois avec le GAD-7 et le PHQ-9. Les futures recherches devraient s’intéresser à la relation entre le sentiment de cohérence, la santé psychologique et les conditions de travail favorables à la conciliation travail-famille

The Psychological Health and Work-Family Balance of Ambulatory Care Nurses in the COVID-19 era: a Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted nurses’ psychological health and work-family balance, including in ambulatory care settings. The results presented in this article are part of a study aiming to describe and contextualize the psychological health and changes in nurses’ follow-up practices in Quebec (Canada) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Explore and describe factors that influenced ambulatory care nurses’ psychological health and work-family balance during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Exploratory mixed data cross-sectional study using the SurveyMonkey platform. We collected data from July 2020 to September 2020. The target population comprised all practicing nurses in Quebec whose clinical activities included the follow-up of ambulatory patients, 200 of whom completed the survey.  Results: Multiple linear regression models indicated that anxiety (GAD-7 scores) and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores) were associated with younger age, living alone, worries about transmitting COVID-19, and feeling that one’s work was not coherent with one’s values. Work-family balance was considered more difficult than before the pandemic by 54.5 % of participants. Factors perceived as influencing work-family balance were either related to work conditions (e.g., schedule and time at work, access to work from home, redeployment to another work setting), to family-related responsibilities/tasks or were specific to the pandemic. Discussion and conclusion: Apart from age, the feeling that one’s work was not coherent with their values was the only variable correlated with both GAD-7 and PHQ-9 in multivariate models. Further research should investigate the relationships between sense of coherence, psychological health, and work conditions like schedule flexibility and access to work from home

The role of high-field magnetic resonance imaging in parkinsonian disorders:Pushing the boundaries forward

Historically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has contributed little to the study of Parkinson's disease (PD), but modern MRI approaches have unveiled several complementary markers that are useful for research and clinical applications. Iron- and neuromelanin-sensitive MRI detect qualitative changes in the substantia nigra. Quantitative MRI markers can be derived from diffusion weighted and iron-sensitive imaging or volumetry. Functional brain alterations at rest or during task performance have been captured with functional and arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI. These markers are useful for the diagnosis of PD and atypical parkinsonism, to track disease progression from the premotor stages of these diseases and to better understand the neurobiological basis of clinical deficits. A current research goal using MRI is to generate time-dependent models of the evolution of PD biomarkers that can help understand neurodegeneration and provide reliable markers for therapeutic trials. This article reviews recent advances in MRI biomarker research at high-field (3T) and ultra high field-imaging (7T) in PD and atypical parkinsonism. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update

Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these “toxinotypes,” the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes

Chronic disease patients’ experience with telehealth interventions and self-care strategies during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose. During COVID-19 pandemic, Québec (Canada) Public Health Agency asked Family Medicine Group (FMG) to change their practice such as recommending the use of telehealth interventions. However, it is unknown if telehealth meets patients' needs in terms of self-care, especially those suffered from physical and mental chronic condition (PCDs). This study aimed to explore, from a PCD's perspective, the response of FMG about their self-care needs during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We conducted an exploratory qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews to reach 40 PCDs from three regions of Québec. We explored FMGs' responses, PCDs needs, coping strategies regarding the COVID-19 and the changes in primary care services. We used the transactional theory of stress and coping to inform the data collection and analysis and the COREQ appraisal grid to report this study. Results. PCDs appreciated telehealth and perceived that the accessibility was increased. Moreover, family physicians from FMG conducted the majority of the follow-ups although interdisciplinary teams were available. The coping strategies raised by the PCDs were primarily aimed at maintaining their health status, while some of them aimed to reduce stress levels. Conclusions. PCDs seem to appreciate telehealth but believe it requires improvements, and it is not adequate for all types of follow-ups. PCDs adopt coping strategies to face the pandemic that were not always optimal for their health. We call for a better understanding of PCDs' needs in times of a pandemic in order to offer them the appropriate services an interdisciplinary team can provide.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167663/1/Article patients-covid copingVF_PP.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167663/3/Article patients-covid coping VF_V2.pdfDescription of Article patients-covid copingVF_PP.pdf : Main ArticleSEL

Le financement des services de santé au Québec

Ce chapitre examine le financement des services de santé au Québec. La pertinence de cet examen tient à l’importance du rôle de l’État dans ce secteur, à son évolution et au débat qui a présentement cours sur la place des services fournis ou financés par le secteur privé dans le système québécois de la santé. Le chapitre se divise en trois sections. La première section présente les caractéristiques propres à la santé en tant que bien de consommation, puis les trois modes usuels de financement..

Les églises comme dernier refuge face à la loi : les dilemmes de la désobéissance civile au sein des sociétés démocratiques

L’actualité – que l’on songe par exemple au Mouvement des sans-papiers de Saint-Bernard en France, au Sanctuary Movement aux États-Unis, ou encore à l’asile dans l’église de la Nativité à Bethléem en 2002 - a montré que «l’asile religieux», tradition qui remonte au moins au Moyen-Âge, a connu une récente recrudescence, suite au durcissement des politiques migratoires dans les pays occidentaux. Pour beaucoup d’illégaux ou de candidats à l’immigration déboutés, l’église devient le dernier recours avant l’expulsion. Outre le report de la décision des autorités, les réfugiés espèrent une réouverture de leur dossier en gagnant, à travers l’attention des médias, la sympathie du public. Cette pratique des églises en faveur de l’asile religieux n’a pas manqué d’offusquer les autorités étatiques qui y voient une remise en cause de leur autorité et surtout une difficulté supplémentaire dans la gestion et la mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques migratoires1. La réaction de la ministre canadienne Judy Sgro qui autorisa pour la première fois les policiers fédéraux à pénétrer dans l’enceinte religieuse pour procéder à l’arrestation d’un immigrant en situation illégale, comme les discussions récentes aux États-Unis sur une possible criminalisation de toutes personnes aidant les immigrants illégaux sont sans équivoque de ce point de vue. Ces réactions étatiques rappellent que l’asile religieux pose implicitement la question de l’obéissance civile et donc celle de son contraire «la désobéissance civile». [...

Velocity Gradient Separation Reveals a New Extracellular Vesicle Population Enriched in miR-155 and Mitochondrial DNA

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their contents (proteins, lipids, messenger RNA, microRNA, and DNA) are viewed as intercellular signals, cell-transforming agents, and shelters for viruses that allow both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. EVs circulating in the blood of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) may provide insights into pathogenesis, inflammation, and disease progression. However, distinguishing plasma membrane EVs from exosomes, exomeres, apoptotic bodies, virions, and contaminating proteins remains challenging. We aimed at comparing sucrose and iodixanol density and velocity gradients along with commercial kits as a means of separating EVs from HIV particles and contaminating protein like calprotectin; and thereby evaluating the suitability of current plasma EVs analysis techniques for identifying new biomarkers of HIV-1 immune activation. Multiple analysis have been performed on HIV-1 infected cell lines, plasma from HIV-1 patients, or plasma from HIV-negative individuals spiked with HIV-1. Commercial kits, the differential centrifugation and density or velocity gradients to precipitate and separate HIV, EVs, and proteins such as calprotectin, have been used. EVs, virions, and contaminating proteins were characterized using Western blot, ELISA, RT-PCR, hydrodynamic size measurement, and enzymatic assay. Conversely to iodixanol density or velocity gradient, protein and virions co-sedimented in the same fractions of the sucrose density gradient than AChE-positive EVs. Iodixanol velocity gradient provided the optimal separation of EVs from viruses and free proteins in culture supernatants and plasma samples from a person living with HIV (PLWH) or a control and revealed a new population of large EVs enriched in microRNA miR-155 and mitochondrial DNA. Although EVs and their contents provide helpful information about several key events in HIV-1 pathogenesis, their purification and extensive characterization by velocity gradient must be investigated thoroughly before further use as biomarkers. By revealing a new population of EVs enriched in miR-155 and mitochondrial DNA, this study paves a way to increase our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis