Historical relations between Brazil and Paraguay: negotiations and quarrels behind Itaipu Dam

In the context of Brazil-Paraguay historical relations, the construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River – in the border between the two countries – was one of the most important initiatives (in political, economic and energy terms). The events between Brazil and Paraguay involving the Itaipu project are part of South America's geopolitics. In this sense, the present article will focuses the negotiations that preceded and continued throughout the construction of the plant and the treaties and main events and agreements that established the criteria for the operation of the hydroelectric power plant. The Itaipu Treaty, signed in 1973, provides for the revision of financial clauses by 2023. The present work aims to examine the relations between Brazil and Paraguay throughout history and analyze the impacts of the Itaipu Dam on these relationships. This article is a qualitative research, from the perspective of International Relations and Political Geography, enriched with cartography created by the authors with Arc GIS software.En el contexto de las relaciones históricas entre Brasil y Paraguay, la construcción de la central hidroeléctrica de Itaipú Binacional, en el río Paraná – enla frontera entre los dos países – fue una de las iniciativas más importantes (en términos políticos, económicos y energéticos). Los eventos entre Brasil yParaguay relacionados con el proyecto de Itaipú son parte de la geopolítica de América del Sur. En este sentido, el presente artículo enfocará losprincipales eventos y negociaciones que precedieron y continuaron a lo largo de la construcción de la central hidroeléctrica y los tratados y conveniosque establecieron los criterios para su operación. El Acuerdo de Itaipú, firmado en 1973, prevé la revisión de las cláusulas financieras para el año 2023.En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo examinar las relaciones entre Brasil y Paraguay y analizar los impactos de Itaipú Binacionalsobre ellas. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, desde la perspectiva de las Relaciones Internacionales y de la Geografía Política, enriquecida concartografía creada por los autores con el software Arc GIS.In the context of Brazil-Paraguay historical relations, the construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River – on the border between the two countries – was one of the most important initiatives (in political, economic and energy terms). The events between Brazil and Paraguay involving the Itaipu project are part of South America's geopolitics. In this sense, the present article will focus on the negotiations that preceded and continued throughout the construction of the plant and the treaties and main events and agreements that established the criteria for the operation of the hydroelectric power plant. The Itaipu Treaty, signed in 1973, provides for the revision of financial clauses by 2023. Thus, the present work aims to examine the relations between Brazil and Paraguay throughout history and analyze the impacts of the Itaipu Dam on this relationship. This article is qualitative research, from the perspective of International Relations and Political Geography, enriched with cartography created by the authors with Arc GIS software

Does a new research-funding model ask for a new evaluation framework? The case of Serrapilheira in Brazil

The purpose of this manuscript is to present an on-going experience of impact evaluation applied to a recently created S&T funding agency. The Institute Serrapilheira (ISP) is a private nonprofit organization created to fund new and challenging themes of research. Serrapilheira brings innovation to the Brazilian scenario of science funding in at least three directions. First, ISP is the first family-philanthropically funded organization totally dedicated to support science in Brazil. Secondly, as a private institution, it can provide researchers with greater flexibility in terms of resource allocation comparing to public funding agencies. The 2018 estimated budget is US$ 4,5 million. Thirdly, in its first call for proposals launched in mid-2017, ISP asked young researchers to present proposals out of the “Normal Science”. The definition of the impact evaluation model of the first call of Serrapilheira was based on both the institutional model proposed by the organization – and its main purposes – as well as on the particular goals of the first call. As a first step, these objectives were discussed with Serrapilheira’s staff. The second step consisted of detecting evaluation hypotheses, themes and indicators based on the discussion of the model’s objectives. As a result, six evaluation themes were defined – one oriented to characterizing the grantees both in terms of diversity and academic training and the other five oriented to measure impacts: (i) professional trajectory, (ii) scientific and technology production, (iii) night science, (iv) insertion and prominence and (v) research culture. Traditional and widely accepted indicators of scientific and technological impact were used, even for dialogue with communities and scientific institutions and terms of comparison. Nevertheless, the main challenge was to identify indicators that allow the measurement of variables that directly or indirectly approach the particularities of the research-funding model. As a first remark, we understand that the particularities of the new research-funding model proposed by ISP asks for a new evaluation framework, more oriented to alternative indicators and to a broad perspective about outputs, outcomes and impacts in a more diverse and multifaceted research system. In this current hands-on impact-study a methodology is being built and simultaneously applied to a concrete case. This experience may contribute to the field of impact evaluation to the extent it proposes not only alternative indicators to be mixed with traditional ones, but also because it has a longitudinal perspective of following grantees since the inception (with the advantage of starting with a baseline) till two years after projects end, performing a 5-year long evaluation. Another possible contribution refers to the understanding about the ways funding agencies are evaluating the outcomes and impacts of their initiatives

Historical relations between Brazil and Paraguay: negotiations and quarrels behind Itaipu Dam

In the context of Brazil-Paraguay historical relations, the construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River – in the border between the two countries – was one of the most important initiatives (in political, economic and energy terms). The events between Brazil and Paraguay involving the Itaipu project are part of South America's geopolitics. In this sense, the present article will focuses the negotiations that preceded and continued throughout the construction of the plant and the treaties and main events and agreements that established the criteria for the operation of the hydroelectric power plant. The Itaipu Treaty, signed in 1973, provides for the revision of financial clauses by 2023. The present work aims to examine the relations between Brazil and Paraguay throughout history and analyze the impacts of the Itaipu Dam on these relationships. This article is a qualitative research, from the perspective of International Relations and Political Geography, enriched with cartography created by the authors with Arc GIS software.En el contexto de las relaciones históricas entre Brasil y Paraguay, la construcción de la central hidroeléctrica de Itaipú Binacional, en el río Paraná – enla frontera entre los dos países – fue una de las iniciativas más importantes (en términos políticos, económicos y energéticos). Los eventos entre Brasil yParaguay relacionados con el proyecto de Itaipú son parte de la geopolítica de América del Sur. En este sentido, el presente artículo enfocará losprincipales eventos y negociaciones que precedieron y continuaron a lo largo de la construcción de la central hidroeléctrica y los tratados y conveniosque establecieron los criterios para su operación. El Acuerdo de Itaipú, firmado en 1973, prevé la revisión de las cláusulas financieras para el año 2023.En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo examinar las relaciones entre Brasil y Paraguay y analizar los impactos de Itaipú Binacionalsobre ellas. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, desde la perspectiva de las Relaciones Internacionales y de la Geografía Política, enriquecida concartografía creada por los autores con el software Arc GIS.In the context of Brazil-Paraguay historical relations, the construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River – on the border between the two countries – was one of the most important initiatives (in political, economic and energy terms). The events between Brazil and Paraguay involving the Itaipu project are part of South America's geopolitics. In this sense, the present article will focus on the negotiations that preceded and continued throughout the construction of the plant and the treaties and main events and agreements that established the criteria for the operation of the hydroelectric power plant. The Itaipu Treaty, signed in 1973, provides for the revision of financial clauses by 2023. Thus, the present work aims to examine the relations between Brazil and Paraguay throughout history and analyze the impacts of the Itaipu Dam on this relationship. This article is qualitative research, from the perspective of International Relations and Political Geography, enriched with cartography created by the authors with Arc GIS software

Tríplice fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai: transfronteirização através do crime

RESUMOO presente artigo versa sobre a transfronteirização do crime na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Uma região que o governo dos EUA considera um reduto do terrorismo internacional e que tem preocupado o Ministério da Defesa do Brasil, que iniciou uma grande operação para combater o narcotráfico e o contrabando. No texto são analisados os fluxos que atravessam a região, que é composta por três cidades-gêmeas (Foz do Iguaçu, Ciudad del Este e Puerto Iguazú). Esses fluxos são influenciados por fatores como a presença de diferentes grupos étnicos (árabes, chineses, etc), a existência de três sistemas jurídicos diferentes, a grande atividade econômica da zona franca de Ciudad del Este, a atuação de organizações criminosas, a corrupção dentro de órgãos de governo e de algumas polícias, a pobreza e o desemprego. Na Tríplice Fronteira o legal e o ilegal convivem lado a lado e fazem parte do dia a dia das populações dos três países. Nesse sistema, atividades qualificadas como ilícitas pelo Estado garantem a existência de outras atividades lícitas e o sustento de muitas famílias.Palavras-chave: Tríplice Fronteira, contrabando, crime. ABSTRACT This article concerns about the crime that crosses the TBA (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay) borders. A region that the U.S. government considers a stronghold of international terrorism and that has worried the Ministry of Defence of Brazil, which began a large operation to combat drug trafficking and smuggling. The text analyzes the flows that cross the region, which consists of three twin cities (Foz do Iguaçu, Ciudad del Este and Puerto Iguazú). These flows are influenced by factors such as the presence of different ethnic groups (Arabs, Chinese, etc.), the existence of three different legal systems, the major economic activity in the free trade zone of Ciudad del Este, the activities of criminal organizations, corruption in government agencies and inside the police, poverty and unemployment. In the TBA legal and illegal live side by side and are part of daily life of the populations of three countries. In this system, activities considered as illegal by the State ensure the existence of other legal activities and support many families.Keywords: TBA, smuggling, crime

Centro de Pesquisa de História Natural e Arqueologia do Maranhão

The Research Center of Natural History and Archaeology of Maranhão – CPHNAMA, linked to the State Secretary of Culture, has as objective to promote the study, valorization andpreservation of Maranhão patrimonial heritage, specifically the archaeological and palaeontological resources and assetsand the material culture and traditions of indigenous peoples. Besides the systematic development of research activities inthe areas of Paleontology, Archaeology and Ethnology, it develops patrimonial education-focused actions through the  preparation, organization and execution of exhibitions, cultural events, exhibitions, seminars, lectures and classes for different audiences.O Centro de Pesquisa de História Natural e Arqueologia do Maranhão – CPHNAMA, vinculado à Secretaria de Cultura do Estado, tem como objetivo promover o estudo, a valorização e a preservação do acervo patrimonial maranhense, especificamente os recursos e bens arqueológicos, paleontológicos e a cultura material e tradições dos povos indígenas no Maranhão. Além do desenvolvimento sistemático de atividades de pesquisa nas áreas de Paleontologia, Arqueologia e Etnologia, desenvolve açõesvoltadas à educação patrimonial através da elaboração,  organização e execução de exposições, eventos culturais,  mostras, seminários, palestras e aulas direcionadas a públicos diferenciados

Emergentismo e comportamento simbólico: uma discussão sobre o behaviorismo radical e o emergentismo evolutivo

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Florianópolis, 2017.A presente pesquisa teve como pretensão investigar como que se deu o curso evolutivo dos fenômenos simbólicos. Para tanto, foi proposta uma análise de duas teorias evolutivas: o emergentismo e o behaviorismo radical. A partir da apresentação destas teorias, verificaram-se potencialidades de uma convergência, de modo que o emergentismo pudesse lançar luz ao behaviorismo, e o behaviorismo skinneriano, por sua vez, pudesse lançar luz às propostas emergentistas. Esta convergência foi possível após analisarmos seus modelos explicativos: a ?seleção orgânica?, também conhecida como ?efeito Baldwin? e a ?seleção pelas consequências?. Ambos os modelos são fundamentados por uma visão-de-mundo relacional, um tipo de ontologia relacional, propriamente. Além disso, estas análises também possibilitaram compreendermos e posicionar seus lugares dentro do âmbito da biologia evolutiva, um tipo de neolamarckismo, justamente por considerar outras formas de transmissão de caracteres além do mecanismo de variação aleatório do material genético, aquele mesmo defendido essencialmente pela tradição neodarwinista. A convergência destas tradições ampliou o poder explicativo do curso evolutivo dos fenômenos simbólicos. Os dados fósseis, tão presentes nas discussões emergentistas, assim como os dados experimentais do behaviorismo radical, lançaram luz na compreensão deste fenômeno linguístico. Com isso, o curso evolutivo da capacidade simbólica pôde ser investigado enquanto catalizador das modificações anatômicas dos nossos ancestrais, bem como, ao esmiuçar os processos evolutivos em termos comportamentais, pudemos compreender melhor como se dá esta relação evolutiva entre organismo e ambiente. Além disso, a psicologia experimental também apresentou meios procedimentais para identificar a linguagem simbólica, a equivalência de estímulos. Por fim, o behaviorismo radical, em associação com as propostas emergentistas, pôde ser inserido nas discussões sobre os fenômenos linguísticos com explicações pautadas no desenvolvimento do curso evolutivo simbólico.Abstract : The research aims to investigate how the evolutionary course of the symbolic phenomena occurred. Therefore, an analysis of two evolutionary theories was proposed: emergentism and radical behaviorism. From the presentation of these theories, potentialities of a synthesis were verified, so that the emergentism could shed light upon behaviorism, and skinnerian behaviorism, in turn, could shed light upon the proposals of emergentist. This synthesis was possible after analyzing its explanatory models: "organic selection", also known as "Baldwin effect" and "selection by consequences". Both models are grounded on a relational-world-view, a type of relational ontology, properly. Moreover, these analyzes have also made it possible to understand and position their places within the scope of evolutionary biology, a type of Neolamarckism, precisely because it considers other forms of character transmission beyond the mechanism of random variation of the genetic material, that same one defended essentially by the neodarwinist tradition . The synthesis of these traditions extended the explanatory power of the evolutionary course of symbolic phenomena. The fossil data so present in the emergentists discussions, as well as the empirical data of the radical behaviorism, shed light on the understanding of this linguistic phenomenon. With this, the evolutionary course of the symbolic capacity could be investigated as a catalyst for the anatomical modifications of our ancestors, as well as by scrutinizing evolutionary processes in behavioral terms, we could better understand how this evolutionary relation between organism and environment occurs. In addition, experimental psychology also aimed at procedural means to identify symbolic language, the equivalence of stimuli. It is concluded that the radical behaviorism, in association with the emergentism proposals, can be inserted in the discussions on the linguistic phenomena with explanations based on the development of the symbolic evolutionary course

Virtual Surgery in Implantology: A Systematic Review and State of the Art

Introduction: Dental implant procedures have increased worldwide, reaching approximately one million dental implants per year. The optimization of faster and more accurate techniques by dentists and postoperative surgeons with better results and quality of life stimulated the development of numerous software and hardware for performing computer-guided surgeries, so-called virtual surgeries (VS). Objective: to present, through a systematic review, the main considerations of virtual surgery in dentistry and their respective advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Methods: The model used for the review was PRISMA. We used databases such as Scielo, Lilacs, Google Scholar, PubMed. Major findings: In the scenario of VS in dentistry, advances in technology have contributed to the improvement of the models, since there was only the direct molding technique to obtain patient models, with the positioning of implants not very favorable in terms aesthetics. The information that is acquired in the 3D reconstructions allows us to determine the quantity and quality of the available bone and also allows the simulation of the installation of the implants in a virtual environment. This provides predictability of techniques and difficulties that can be encountered during surgical intervention, reducing the time and the possibility of errors, allowing the overall reduction of oral rehabilitation costs. Conclusion: Preoperative virtual planning and reconstruction of the mandible guided by dental implants through preoperative designs provide high success rates for the implant and dental rehabilitation, benefiting also prosthetic restorations supported by fixed implants. Still, the concept of using personalized implants with the help of 3D virtual treatment planning, stereolithographic models, and computer-assisted design greatly improves the mandibular restoration and helps to obtain a good facial profile, aesthetic and dental rehabilitation, avoiding complications with the grafts autologous