4. One Sea, One Humanity. Modeling the Man-Sea Relationship in Friedrich Ratzel’s Anthropogeographical Project

The prevailing concept of geography, understood as the study and description of the Earth, can be viewed as a form of removal: less than two-thirds of the globe, that is, the seas or the liquid elements of the Earth, are removed or at the very least are not explicitly designated. This article will focus on issues concerning the classification, systematization, and conceptualization of geographic knowledge that took place in nineteenth-century Germany. I will try to demonstrate how this alleged “removal” operates in modern geography and how it links with a contrasting movement that aims to reintegrate the liquid element of the Earth into the field of geography, on the basis of the man/world relation. I will focus in particular on Friedrich Ratzel’s (1844-1904) pioneering studies in anthropogeography and political geography

Oliver Leege, Walter F. Ottos Studie « Dionysos. Mythos und Kultus ». Antike Forschung und moderne Kultur

À première vue, une étude critique comme celle d’Oliver Leege aurait de quoi désorienter. On pourrait en effet s’interroger sur l’utilité d’une étude érudite consacrée à l’analyse d’un ouvrage, comme le Dionysos, Mythos und Kultus (1933) de Walter Friedrich Otto relevant déjà de la tradition d’études historico-critiques sur l’antiquité grecque. Serions-nous confrontés à un excès de zèle bibliographique, à un essai méta-critique ou bien à une étude de réception au carré ? Cette impression est ..

Le Germanie Segrete e il loro mito

This article deals with the debate on “Secret Germany” between the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. I define "Secret Germany" first of all as a literary topos. It is in fact at the origin an eminently literary phenomenon, that develops within a literary culture, the German one and that within this same culture is mobilized as a critical tool. This binary formula was soon however invested with meanings that went beyond the purely fictional and even aesthetic dimension, and aspired to a broader validity, both in the historical, social and political fields, as well as in the German culture and Weltanschauung. In this article I will try to define the conceptual boundaries of what I have called the "negative theology" of Secret Germany, using the methodological guide of Jesi and retracing some of the stages of its development: from Paul de Lagarde, to Ernst Kantorowicz, to Gaston Choisy.Questo articolo affronta il dibattito sulla “Germania Segreta” tra la fine dell’Ottocento e l’inizio del Novecento. Definisco la “Germania Segreta” innanzitutto come un topos letterario. Si tratta infatti di un fenomeno in origine eminentemente letterario, che si sviluppa all’interno di una cultura letteraria, quella tedesca e che all’interno di questa stessa cultura viene mobilitato come strumento critico per mutarsi poi un vero e proprio mitologema. Questa formula binaria si carica presto di significati che esulano dalla dimensione puramente finzionale e finanche estetica, e ambisce ad una validità più amplia, sia in campo storico, che sociale e politico, della cultura e della Weltanschauung tedesca. In questo articolo cercherò di definire i confini concettuali di quella che ho definito la “teologia negativa” della Germania Segreta, avvalendomi della guida metodologica di Jesi e ripercorrendo alcune delle tappe del suo sviluppo : da Paul de Lagarde, a Ernst Kantorowicz, a Gaston Choisy

La reflexión sobre las religiones mistéricas en la filosofía de Nietzsche

The Greek mysteries are for Nietzsche one of the most original and significant expressions of Ancient spirituality. During his life and his studies Nietzsche will deserve much attention to the Mysteries with the curiosity of a philologist and an ethnologist, but also with the speculative eye of the philosopher. To the historical analyse corresponds a continual attempt to transform the semantics of the phenomenon of mysteries, along a way that is often hard and contrasting, but that goes through all the work of the author.Los misterios griegos son para Nietzsche una de las expresiones más originales y significativas de la espiritualidad antigua. En el curso de su vida y de sus estudios se dirigirá a menudo a los misterios con la curiosidad del filólogo y del etnólogo, pero también con el ojo especulativo del filósofo. Al análisis histórico en extensión hace de contrapeso un intento continuo de trasformar la semántica del fenómeno de los misterios, a lo largo de un recorrido a menudo difícil y errático que atraviesa toda la obra del autor

Sobre las lecciones de Basilea impartidas por Nietzsche. Perspectivas de la investigación

Este artículo analiza el renovado interés de los últimos años dentro de la Nietzsche Forschung  en relación a las Lecciones de Basilea, aquellos apuntes de las lecciones que Nietzsche impartió entre 1869 y 1879 en la Universidad de Basilea en calidad de profesor de filología clásic

Nietzsche & la rythmique grecque

Dans les leçons sur la rythmique ancienne de F. Nietzsche, le rythme est objet d’une étude philologique, lié à l’expérience de la parole et du texte, mais aussi et surtout d’une étude anthropologique, parce que son action sera repérée dans les moments originaires de l’organisation religieuse, sociale et civile de l’homme. Le lien entre ces deux approches s’éclaircit quand on comprend que le discours sur le rythme est d’abord un discours sur la forme (en un sens aristotélicien) et sur la norme (la normativité), ou bien sur la convention et sur son rapport avec la nature. Le rythme est une forme qui a une capacité normative, capable d’informer la matière, conçue aussi bien comme poésie et musique ou comme âme, caractère et habitus de l’homme.In the F. Nietzsche lectures on ancient rhythmic, rhythm is studied from a philological point of view as it can be experienced in words and texts, and from an anthropological point of view, because of its action, which is recognized at the source of religious, social and civic phenomena. The relation between these two approaches will be clarified, if we consider that the question of rhythm is, according to Nietzsche, first of all a question about the meaning of the form (in Aristotelian sense) and of the norm (of normativity), or better still, about the convention and its relation to nature. Rhythm is form with normative character, which is able to inform the matter, both conceived as poetry and music, and also as the soul, character and habits of men

Compte rendu: Oliver LEEGE, Walter F. Ottos Studie «Dionysos. Mythos und Kultus ». Antike Forschung und moderne Kultur Würzburg, Ergon Verlag (« Diskurs Religion. Beiträge zur Religionsgeschichte und religiösen Zeitgeschichte », 11), 2016

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Risk factors for infections due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae after open heart surgery

OBJECTIVES Patients undergoing major surgery are at increased risk of developing infections due to resistant organisms, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp). In this study, we assessed risk factors for CR-Kp infections after open heart surgery in a teaching hospital in northern Italy. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted from January to December 2014. The primary outcome measure was postoperative CR-Kp infection, defined as a time-to-event end-point. The effect of potentially related variables was assessed by univariable and multivariable analyses. Secondary end-points were in-hospital mortality and 180-day postoperative mortality. RESULTS Among 553 patients undergoing open heart surgery, 32 developed CR-Kp infections (6%). In the final multivariable model, CR-Kp colonization [hazard ratio (HR) 227.45, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 67.13-1225.20, P < 0.001], cardiopulmonary bypass time in minutes (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02, P < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 3.99, 95% CI 1.61-9.45, P = 0.004), SOFA score (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08-1.53, P = 0.007), preoperative mechanical ventilation (HR 8.10, 95% CI 1.31-48.57, P = 0.026), prolonged mechanical ventilation (HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.08-6.15, P = 0.032) and female sex (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.00-4.36, P = 0.049) were associated with the development of CR-Kp infection. Increased in-hospital mortality and 180-day mortality were observed in patients who developed CR-Kp infections in comparison with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, CR-Kp colonization was an important predictor of CR-Kp infection after open heart surgery. CR-Kp infection after surgery significantly affected survival. Preventing colonization is conceivably the most effective current strategy to reduce the impact of CR-Kp

TRIBE-2: A phase III, randomized, open-label, strategy trial in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer patients by the GONO group

Background: Chemotherapy plus bevacizumab is a standard first-line treatment for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Different chemotherapy backbones may be chosen, including one to three drugs, based on patients' general conditions and comorbidities, treatments' objectives, and disease characteristics. TRIBE trial demonstrated a significant advantage in terms of progression-free survival and overall survival for FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as compared with FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab. Based on recent evidence, the de-intensification of the upfront regimen after 4-6 months of treatment is nowadays regarded as a valuable option. Moreover, the prolonged inhibition of angiogenesis, and in particular the continuation of bevacizumab beyond the evidence of disease progression, is an efficacious strategy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Methods/design: TRIBE-2 is a prospective, open-label, multicentric phase III randomized trial in which unresectable and previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients are randomized to receive first-line FOLFOX plus bevacizumab followed by FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab after disease progression or FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab followed by the re-introduction of the same regimen after disease progression. The primary endpoint is to compare the efficacy of the two proposed treatment strategies in terms of Progression Free Survival 2. Discussion: The TRIBE-2 study aims at answering the question whether the upfront use of FOLFOXIRI improves the clinical outcome of metastatic colorectal cancer patients, when compared with the pre-planned, sequential use of oxaliplatin-based and irinotecan-based doublets. Both proposed treatment strategies are designed to exploit the effectiveness of the prolonged inhibition of angiogenesis, alternating short (up to 4 months) induction periods and less intensive maintenance phases. Trial registration: TRIBE2 is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02339116. January 12, 2015. TRIBE-2 is registered at EUDRACT 2014-004436-19, October 10, 2014