Structure–Property Studies on a New Family of Halogen Free Flame Retardants Based on Sulfenamide and Related Structures

A wide variety of molecules containing S–N or S–N–S cores were synthesized, and their flame retardant properties in polypropylene (PP), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polystyrene (PS) were investigated. In addition, polymers or oligomers bearing the sulfenamide functionality (SN) were also synthesized. It was shown that this radical generator family based on sulfenamides is very versatile in terms of structural modifications, and the thermal decomposition range can be easily adjusted by changing the R groups attached to the core. The thermal stabilities of the different sulfenamides were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Radicals generated by the homolytic cleavage of the S–N or S–N–S bonds at an elevated temperature can effectively interact with the intermediate products of polymer thermolysis and provide excellent flame retardant properties. The choice of most suitable SN-structure varies depending on the polymer type. For polypropylene DIN 4102-1 B2 and UL94 VTM-2 classifications were achieved with only 0.5 to 1 wt % of sulfenamide, and, in some cases, no flaming dripping was observed. Also for LDPE thin films, sulfenamides offered the DIN 4102-1 B2 rating at low dosage. In the case of polystyrene, the very stringent UL94 V-0 classification was even achieved at a loading of 5 wt % of sulfenamide

Disulfides – Effective radical generators for flame retardancy of polypropylene

The potential of thirteen aliphatic, aromatic, thiuram and heterocyclic substituted organic disulfide derivatives of the general formula R-S-S-R’ as a new group of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) for polypropylene films have been investigated. According to DIN 4102-1 standard ignitibility test, for the first time it has been demonstrated that many of the disulfides alone can effectively provide flame retardancy and self-extinguishing properties to polypropylene (PP) films at already very low concentrations of 0.5 wt%. In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of disulfide derivatives the fragmentation patterns of the evolved gases from a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) have been analyzed by simultaneous mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The main decomposition products initiated by homolytic scission of the S-S bond and/or scission of the C-S bond were identified as thiols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, isothiocyanates (depending on the disulfide structures) with further evolution of elemental sulfur and sulfur dioxide at temperatures of above 300 oC and 450 oC, respectively. Based on this preliminary study, we have shown that disulfides represented by e.g. diphenyl disulfide (1), 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (2), bis(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5yl)-disulfide (4), 2-bisbenzothiazole-2,2′-disulfide (6) and N,N-dithiobis-(phtalimide) (10) constitute a new halogen-free family of additives for flame retarding of polypropylene

Rethinking the Haitian Turn : Beyond the Universality Paradigm and Its Enemies

Recent assessments of the literature on the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) offer radically different images, ranging from the identification of a politics of universal human rights to objections against conservative assumptions. The present article instead uncovers an overarching conflict between what is named the universality paradigm and the sceptical responses. However, in the outskirts of the controversy, its participants agree that the Haitian Revolution was the most radical revolution of the period, and that issues of inequality cannot be disregarded. To advance the debate, polarisation must be transgressed and the assumption that universalism and inequality are incompatible must be abandoned

Nettoinflöden i värdepappershandel - Analys av de mest bidragande faktorerna för nettoinflöden till en svensk nischbank

This thesis examines which factors drive overall net inflows to a Swedish niche bank. It further investigates whether these factors are the same or different from the factors that drive net inflows to mutual funds as well as shares. To find the key factors, and to what degree they drive the different net inflows, three separate multiple linear regressions were performed. The data analysed was taken from the period January 2018 to February 2022, and was provided by Avanza Bank. The data for the driving factors were gathered from different sources online. 21 regressors were used for this analysis. The thesis conclusion in brief was that for total net inflows the main contributor was the number of customers, which positively impacted the net inflows. The two subcategories: mutual fund and stock inflows were more volatile and the number of customers proved not as important in these cases. Some seasonal patterns were recognized, e.g. January was always a significant month for total net inflows. Therefore, performing a time series analysis would be recommended to draw further conclusions. Other possible avenues for future research is to gain a deeper understanding of this applied area of mathematics and to gather more data both in terms of the analysed time period and number of regressors.Detta arbete ämnar undersöka vilka faktorer som generellt driver nettoflöden till en svensk nischbank. Arbetet ämnar även att vidare undersöka om dessa eller andra faktorer är mest drivande för nettoflöden till kategorierna fonder och aktier. För att hitta dessa nyckelfaktorer, samt till vilken grad de driver nettoflöden, utfördes tre stycken regressionsanalyser. Datan som analyserades avsåg tidsperioden januari 2018 till februari 2022 och sammanställdes av Avanza Bank. Samtliga potentiella nyckelfaktorer för nettoinflödet samlades in från diverse källor online, totalt användes 21 stycken regressorer för analysen. Arbetets slutsats i korthet var att det för det totala nettoflöden är bankens totala antal kunder som är den största drivande faktorn, vilket har ett positivt samband med den beroende variabeln. För de två sub-kategorierna, nettoflöden till fonder och aktier var det svårare att bygga en modell och antal kunder visade sig inte ha en stor påverkan för dessa. Ett säsongsmönster kunde observeras i datan, exempelvis var januari alltid en signifikant månad för stora nettoflöden. Med detta som bakgrund kunde ett tidsserieanalys rekommenderas för att kunna dra bättre slutsatser inom ämnet. Andra möjliga alternativ för framtida forskning innefattar en djupare analys inom detta område av tillämpad matematik samt insamling av mer data både i fråga om den studerade tidsperioden samt antalet använda regressorer

Nettoinflöden i värdepappershandel - Analys av de mest bidragande faktorerna för nettoinflöden till en svensk nischbank

This thesis examines which factors drive overall net inflows to a Swedish niche bank. It further investigates whether these factors are the same or different from the factors that drive net inflows to mutual funds as well as shares. To find the key factors, and to what degree they drive the different net inflows, three separate multiple linear regressions were performed. The data analysed was taken from the period January 2018 to February 2022, and was provided by Avanza Bank. The data for the driving factors were gathered from different sources online. 21 regressors were used for this analysis. The thesis conclusion in brief was that for total net inflows the main contributor was the number of customers, which positively impacted the net inflows. The two subcategories: mutual fund and stock inflows were more volatile and the number of customers proved not as important in these cases. Some seasonal patterns were recognized, e.g. January was always a significant month for total net inflows. Therefore, performing a time series analysis would be recommended to draw further conclusions. Other possible avenues for future research is to gain a deeper understanding of this applied area of mathematics and to gather more data both in terms of the analysed time period and number of regressors.Detta arbete ämnar undersöka vilka faktorer som generellt driver nettoflöden till en svensk nischbank. Arbetet ämnar även att vidare undersöka om dessa eller andra faktorer är mest drivande för nettoflöden till kategorierna fonder och aktier. För att hitta dessa nyckelfaktorer, samt till vilken grad de driver nettoflöden, utfördes tre stycken regressionsanalyser. Datan som analyserades avsåg tidsperioden januari 2018 till februari 2022 och sammanställdes av Avanza Bank. Samtliga potentiella nyckelfaktorer för nettoinflödet samlades in från diverse källor online, totalt användes 21 stycken regressorer för analysen. Arbetets slutsats i korthet var att det för det totala nettoflöden är bankens totala antal kunder som är den största drivande faktorn, vilket har ett positivt samband med den beroende variabeln. För de två sub-kategorierna, nettoflöden till fonder och aktier var det svårare att bygga en modell och antal kunder visade sig inte ha en stor påverkan för dessa. Ett säsongsmönster kunde observeras i datan, exempelvis var januari alltid en signifikant månad för stora nettoflöden. Med detta som bakgrund kunde ett tidsserieanalys rekommenderas för att kunna dra bättre slutsatser inom ämnet. Andra möjliga alternativ för framtida forskning innefattar en djupare analys inom detta område av tillämpad matematik samt insamling av mer data både i fråga om den studerade tidsperioden samt antalet använda regressorer