Participación activa del estudiantado en el diseño de nuevas prácticas en Fisiología Animal Ambiental

El proyecto de innovación presentado plantea una actividad en la que el estudiantado diseñará de forma activa y según sus intereses, nuevas prácticas relacionadas con la asignatura de Fisiología Animal Ambiental y Aplicada, fomentando la implicación en su propia formación. Para darle un carácter más participativo, se apuesta por la gamificación, haciendo que las propuestas de prácticas de los estudiantes se realicen en formato competitivo. Para la implementación de esta experiencia innovadora se ofrecerá al estudiantado la opción de diseñar un ensayo que refleje la influencia de factores ambientales tratados en la componente teórica de la asignatura sobre la fisiología de un invertebrado. Para ello, deberán realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica y seleccionar aquellos experimentos que pudieran ser reproducibles en sesiones prácticas. La presentación de los resultados deberá incluir un informe y una breve presentación ante los compañeros. La actividad se realizará en equipos de dos estudiantes, cuyo avance será supervisado por el profesorado implicado en el proyecto. Una vez presentadas todas las propuestas, se seleccionarán por votación preliminar, en cada subgrupo de prácticas, aquellas que a los estudiantes les hayan resultados más interesantes. Las más votadas de cada subgrupo pasarán a la fase final, donde por PRADO todos los estudiantes de la asignatura votarán un trabajo. Así, se realizará un ranking para el reparto de puntos extra sobre la evaluación, y con el fin de incentivar más al estudiantado, el equipo ganador podría ver su propuesta implementada como una práctica para sus compañeros en el curso siguiente, siempre y cuando fuese posible. Para la valoración final del éxito del presente proyecto de innovación se realizarán encuestas tanto a los participantes del mismo (estudiantado y miembros del equipo) para evaluar la posibilidad de su continuación temporal, como a profesorado y estudiantado de otras asignaturas afines para conocer su disposición para aplicar la innovación

Guía de Práctica Clínica de Audiometría Tonal por Vía Aérea y Ósea con y sin Enmascaramiento

The purpose of this document is to define a standardized method, providing useful and necessary recommendations, to effectively and correctly perform manual Liminal Tonal Audiometry (ATL). This guide reflects the recommended procedure for airway and bone conduction audiometry, with and without masking and in most audiological settings, for both adults and older children. The proposed method is not appropriate for young children, people with learning disabilities and other special situations that require some modifications to obtain reliable results. Such situations are not the subject of this document. Nor does it cover other procedures such as high frequency audiometry (above 8000 Hz), audiometric screening, free-field audiometry or speech audiometry. Likewise, this guide is not intended to instruct on the interpretation of the test results, an act that must be carried out by a qualified professional.Note: This document is owned by the Asociación Española de Audiología. The page numbers of this article do not correspond to the rest of the issue, being a supplement.El propósito de este documento es definir un método estandarizado, aportando recomendaciones útiles y necesarias, para realizar de manera efectiva y correcta la Audiometría Tonal Liminar (ATL) manual. Se refleja en esta guía el procedimiento recomendado para la audiometría por vía aérea y por vía ósea, con y sin enmascaramiento y en la mayoría de contextos audiológicos, tanto para adultos como niños mayores. El método propuesto no es apropiado para niños pequeños, personas con problemas de aprendizaje y otras situaciones especiales que requieren de algunas modificaciones para obtener resultados fiables. Tales situaciones no son objeto de este documento. Tampoco abarca otros procedimientos como son la audiometría de alta frecuencia (por encima de los 8000 Hz), el screening audiométrico, la audiometría en campo libre o la logoaudiometría. Así mismo, esta guía no pretende instruir sobre la interpretación de los resultados de la prueba, acto que deberá ser llevado a cabo por un profesional cualificado. Nota: Este documento pertenece a la Asociación Española de Audiología. La paginacion de este articulo no se corresponde con la del numero, siendo considerado un suplemento

Regional asymmetry of metabolic and antioxidant profile in the sciaenid fish shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) white muscle. Response to starvation and refeeding.

The objective of the present study is to characterize the metabolic and antioxidant profile of white muscle of shi drum in two sites of the body, anterior dorsal (AM) and posterior dorsal (PM) portions. In addition, it will be analyzed the possible effect of starvation and a subsequent refeeding, with two different protocols, pair feeding and ad libitum. Activities of key enzymes of intermediary metabolism and of antioxidant enzymes, as well as lipid peroxidation, as an index of oxidative stress, were evaluated. The results indicate the existence of a regional asymmetry of the metabolic capacities of the white muscle of shi drum, which is likely related to the different contribution to swimming of the body regions examined. Starvation induces a metabolic depression that is more marked in those activities that support burst swimming in PM, while those activities supporting maintenance requirements are conserved. The greatest energy demands during starvation appear to lie in AM, which showed the highest oxidative metabolism rate. The increased use of fatty acids as energy source for AM leads to oxidative stress. A period of more than four weeks of refeeding for full restoration of metabolic capacities in AM is needed, probably related to the higher muscle mass located in this region. On the contrary, all enzyme activities in PM returned to control levels in both refeeding protocols, but pair feeding seems to be advantageous since compensatory growth has been taking place without signs of oxidative stress. This work was addressed to gain knowledge on the physiology of a promising fish species in aquaculture like shi drum. The results displayed here show how the starving and further re-feeding events could generate oxidative stress situations characterized by high lipid peroxidation levels which may influence negatively on the quality of the edible part of the fish. This study opens an interesting field on this fish species which deserves being investigated in the future.Versión del edito

Dietary Effect on the Proteome of the Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) Paralarvae

Nowadays, the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) culture is hampered by massive mortalities occurring during early life-cycle stages (paralarvae). Despite the causes of the high paralarvae mortality are not yet well-defined and understood, the nutritional stress caused by inadequate diets is pointed out as one of the main factors. In this study, the effects of diet on paralarvae is analyzed through a proteomic approach, to search for novel biomarkers of nutritional stress. A total of 43 proteins showing differential expression in the different conditions studied have been identified. The analysis highlights proteins related with the carbohydrate metabolism: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dedydrogenase (GAPDH), triosephosphate isomerase; other ways of energetic metabolism: NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, arginine kinase; detoxification: glutathione-S-transferase (GST); stress: heat shock proteins (HSP70); structural constituent of eye lens: S-crystallin 3; and cytoskeleton: actin, actin-beta/gamma1, beta actin. These results allow defining characteristic proteomes of paralarvae depending on the diet; as well as the use of several of these proteins as novel biomarkers to evaluate their welfare linked to nutritional stress. Notably, the changes of proteins like S-crystallin 3, arginine kinase and NAD+ specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, may be related to fed vs. starving paralarvae, particularly in the first 4 days of development.En prens

Time Course of Metabolic Capacities in Paralarvae of the Common Octopus, Octopus vulgaris, in the First Stages of Life. Searching Biomarkers of Nutritional Imbalance

The culture of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is promising since the species has a relatively short lifecycle, rapid growth, and high food conversion ratios. However, recent attempts at successful paralarvae culture have failed due to slow growth and high mortality rates. Establishing an optimal nutritional regime for the paralarvae seems to be the impeding step in successful culture methods. Gaining a thorough knowledge of food regulation and assimilation is essential for paralarvae survival and longevity under culture conditions. The aim of this study, then, was to elucidate the characteristic metabolic organization of octopus paralarvae throughout an ontogenic period of 12 days post-hatching, as well as assess the effect of diet enrichment with live prey containing abundant marine phospholipids. Our results showed that throughout the ontogenic period studied, an increase in anaerobic metabolism took place largely due to an increased dependence of paralarvae on exogenous food. Our studies showed that this activity was supported by octopine dehydrogenase activity, with a less significant contribution of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Regarding aerobic metabolism, the use of amino acids was maintained for the duration of the experiment. Our studies also showed a significant increase in the rate of oxidation of fatty acids from 6 days after-hatching. A low, although sustained, capacity for de novo synthesis of glucose from amino acids and glycerol was also observed. Regardless of the composition of the food, glycerol kinase activity significantly increased a few days prior to a massive mortality event. This could be related to a metabolic imbalance in the redox state responsible for the high mortality. Thus, glycerol kinase might be used as an effective nutritional and welfare biomarker. The studies in this report also revealed the important finding that feeding larvae with phospholipid-enriched Artemia improved animal viability and welfare, significantly increasing the rate of survival and growth of paralarvae.En prens

Fishmeal Dietary Replacement Up to 50%: A Comparative Study of Two Insect Meals for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This research was funded by ‘Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria’, cofunded by European Regional Development Fund, grant number RTA 2015-00021-C03. The ‘Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación’ supports the PhD contract of F.M., grant number BES2017-080567, cofunded by European Social Funds.The demand of optimal protein for human consumption is growing. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has highlighted aquaculture as one of themost promising alternatives for this protein supply gap due to the high efficiency of fish growth. However, aquaculture has been facing its own sustainability problem, because its high demand for protein has been traditionally satisfiedwith the use of fishmeal (FM) as themain source. Some of themost promising and sustainable protein substitutes for FM come frominsects. The presentmanuscript provides insight into an experiment carried out on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)with a 50%replacement of FMwith different larvae insectmeals: Hermetia illucens (HI), and Tenebrio molitor (TM). TMshowed better results for growth, protein utilization andmore active digestive function, supported by intestinal histological changes. Liver histology and intermediarymetabolismdid not showrelevant changes between insectmeals,while other parameters such as antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue damage indicators showed the potential of insectmeals as functional ingredients.‘Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria’ European Regional Development Fund RTA 2015-00021-C03Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación BES2017-080567 European Social Fund

Effect on Intermediary Metabolism and Digestive Parameters of the High Substitution of Fishmeal with Insect Meal in Sparus aurata Feed

The depletion of traditional protein sources and the impact this causes on the production costs of aquaculture feed make it necessary to find alternative materials that allow for the sustainability of production. Among various proposals, insects have drawn scholarly attention because of their high protein content and the efficiency of their production, both from an environmental and an economic perspective. However, nutritional changes in fish diets require further clarification regarding the effect of this new ingredient in fish performance and physiology. In this study, we evaluated the use of two insect meal species, Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor, for the partial replacement of fishmeal, as well as their influence on growth indices and the gut microbiome. Although the results showed a worsening of biometric parameters and a modification of the microbial community, the impact was different depending on the insect species and their rearing conditions. Thus, specific studies for each case are recommended.Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor were tested on account of their potential to replace fish protein in feed. Two levels of replacement for H. illucens, 30% and 50% (H30 and H50), and one for T. molitor, 50% (T50), as well as an additional diet with a modified fatty acid fraction (H50M), were investigated in relation to juvenile Sparus aurata growth indices, enzyme activities and gut microbiome. A T50 diet showed similar results to a control (C) diet, with no significant differences regarding morphological indices and minor differences for nutritional indices. Regarding the gut microbiome, H50M was the diet which showed the more similar prokaryotic community to C, which suggests that fatty acid fractions might influence the composition of the gut microbiome. Nevertheless, differences appeared to be related to a redistribution of dominant species, while changes in species affiliation were limited to minoritary species. The positive correlation between some of these minoritary species (Peptostreptococcus russellii, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Weisella confusa) and several fish growth parameters might explain differences between control and insect diets. Deciphering such uncertainty and revealing the potential role these unusual species may play on fish performance should be addressed in future investigations.INIA (Spanish Agricultural and Agro-Food Research Institute)Project RTA 2015-00021-C03-02 and FEDER fundsEuropean Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) and Consejeria de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, OPP71

Assessment of stress and nutritional biomarkers in cultured Octopus vulgaris paralarvae: Effects of geographical origin and dietary regime

The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is a promising species for aquaculture diversification, but massive mortality during the first life-cycle stages (paralarvae) is the main bottleneck for its commercial production in captivity. The aim of this study was to assess stress and nutritional condition biomarkers (HSP70, ROS enzymes and lipid peroxidation) (RNA/DNA, RNA/protein, protein/DNA and protein) inO.vulgarisparalarvae from different geographical origins and fed withArtemiaenriched with marine phospholipids or microalgae (control group). To this end paralarvae were cultured for 30days, in three different centres in Spain (Tarragona-Mediterranean area, Tenerife-Central Atlantic area and Vigo-North Atlantic area), under the same protocol, and fed onArtemiaenriched with marine phospholipids (LC60) (Marine Lecithin LC 60®, PhosphoTech Laboratoires) or microalgae (control group). Dry weight and most biomarkers analysed in hatchlings showed significant differences related to their origin (centre). Fifteen day old paralarvae presented significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) associated with their dietary regime, and also showed differences in biomarkers associated both with their geographical origin and dietary regime. The results suggest that the SGR of paralarvae were positively influenced by LC60, promoting growth and in agreement with the results of nutritional condition biomarkers (nucleic acids ratios). The antioxidant defences against oxidative damage were also boosted in the LC60 paralarvae group, possibly as a result of the elevated content in highly polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the partial correlations found between biomarkers varied according to diet. However, no positive effect of LC60 on survival was observed. The high variability found among geographical origins, despite the use of the same rearing protocol, highlights the need to clarify the sources of such variability

Efecto de la dieta sobre el proteoma de paralarvas de Octopus vulgaris

Nowadays, the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) culture is hampered by massive mortalities occurring during early life-cycle stages (paralarvae). Although the causes of the high paralarvae mortality are not yet well defined and understood, the nutritional stress caused by diet is pointed out as one of the main factors. In this study the effect of diet on paralarvae is analysed trough a proteomic approach, to search for new biomarkers of nutritional stress. A total of 50 proteins showing differential expression in each condition analysed have been identified, highlighting proteins related with carbohydrate metabolism: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dedydrogenase (GAPDH), triosephosphate isomerase and NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase; pyrimidine and beta-alanine metabolisms and vitamin B5 and CoA biosynthesis: dihydropyrimidinase; energetic metabolism: arginine kinase; detoxification: glutathione-S-transferase (GST), stress: heat shock proteins (HSP70); structural constituent of eye lens:S-crystallin; and cytoskeleton: actin, actin-beta/gamma1 and beta actin. Theresults obtained allow defining characteristic“proteomes” of paralarvae depending on the diet; as well as the use of these proteins as new biomarkers to evaluate their nutritional stress.En la actualidad el cultivo del pulpo común (Octopus vulgaris) se ve frenado por la alta mortalidad durante los primeras fases de desarrollo larvario. Aunque las causas de las mortalidades masivas de las paralarvas no están bien definidas, se apunta al estrés nutricional causado por la dieta como una de los factores principales. En este estudio se analiza el efecto de la dieta en paralarvas de pulpo mediante una aproximación proteómica, con el objetivo de buscar nuevos biomarcadores de estrés nutricional. Se han identificado 50 proteínas del total de las que presentaban expresión diferencial en cada condición analizada, destacando proteínas relacionadas con metabolismo de carbohidratos: gliceraldehido-3-fosfato deshidrogenasa (GAPDH), trifosfatoisomerasa e isocitrato dehidrogenasa NAPD+ dependiente; metabolismo de pirimidinas y beta–alanina y biosíntesis de vitamina B5 y CoA: dihidropirimidasa; metabolismo energético: arginina cinasa; sistema de detoxificación: glutatión-S transferasa (GST); de estrés: proteínas de estrés térmico (HSP70);estructura de la lente del ojo: S-cristalino; y citoesqueleto: actina, actina-beta/gamma1 y beta actina. Los resultados obtenidos permiten definir “proteomas” característicos de paralarvas en función de la dieta; así como el uso de estas proteínas como nuevos biomarcadores para evaluar el estrés nutricional de las mismas