Testing out Contractual Incompleteness: Evidence from Soccer

The theory of incomplete contracting is rival to that of complete contracting as a frame of reference to understand contractual relationships. Both approaches rest upon diametrically opposed postulates and lead to very different policy conclusions. From a theoretical viewpoint, scrutiny of the postulates has revealed that both frameworks are reasonable. This paper designs and implements an empirical test to discern whether contracts are complete or incomplete. We analyze a problem where the parties' inability to commit not to renegotiate inefficiencies is sufficient for contractual incompleteness. We study optimal contracts with and without commitment and derive an exclusion restriction that is useful to identify the relevant commitment scenario. The empirical analysis takes advantage of a data set from Spanish soccer player contracts. Our test rejects the commitment hypothesis, which entails the acceptance of the existence of contractual incompleteness in the data. We argue that our conclusions should hold a fortiori in many other economic environments.

Considerations on apartment design.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. Thesis. February 1945. B.Arch.Accompanying drawings held by MIT Museum.Bibliography: leaf [36].Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. Thesis. February 1945. B.Arch

Caracterización genética de la neoplasias mieloides mediante secuenciación masiva

Las neoplasias mieloides (NM) son un grupo de enfermedades hematológicas en las que la hematopoyesis mieloide se ve alterada. Dentro de este grupo se incluyen la leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA), el síndrome mielodisplásico (SMD), la neoplasia mieloproliferativa crónica (NMPc) y el síndrome mielodisplásico/neoplasia mieloproliferativa (SMD/NMP). Las NM son enfermedades con alta heterogeneidad genética, por lo que es necesario un gran número de técnicas citogenéticas y moleculares para su caracterización desde este punto de vista, clave para el diagnóstico, estratificación pronóstica y manejo clínico de estos pacientes. Concretamente, en LMA, el tratamiento de cada paciente se selecciona en base al pronóstico, administrándose terapias de mayor intensidad a pacientes con un perfil de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, incluso los pacientes de pronóstico favorable también sufren altas tasas de recaída, por lo que una optimización en la estratificación ayudaría a estos pacientes a beneficiarse de tratamientos más adecuados. La secuenciación masiva (NGS, del inglés next-generation sequencing) es una técnica que permite analizar simultáneamente distintos tipos de variantes (sustituciones, CNV y traslocaciones) en un gran número de genes y, aunque su aplicación a nivel asistencial en el estudio de NM se está extendiendo, existen aspectos por dilucidar en lo relativo a su utilidad clínica. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue, por un lado, describir la implicación del uso de la NGS en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes afectados por NM y, por otro, mejorar la estratificación pronóstica de los pacientes afectados por LMA de bajo riesgo a través del análisis de biomarcadores genéticos y clínicos. Se analizaron dos cohortes de pacientes mediante paneles de genes NGS. La cohorte 1, de 121 pacientes afectados por NM y la cohorte 2, de 27 pacientes afectados por LMA con variante en el gen NPM1 y sin la variante FLT3-ITD, clásicamente clasificados de bajo riesgo. En la cohorte 1, la NGS optimizó, en comparación con la metodología convencional, el diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes afectados por NM. Además, en la cohorte 2, ayudo a distinguir subgrupos de riesgo dentro de un subgrupo de pronóstico favorable de LMA. En conclusión, la NGS demuestra ser de gran utilidad clínica en los pacientes afectados por NM mejorando en último término, su manejo clínic

The Technological Behaviours of Homo antecessor: Core Management and Reduction Intensity at Gran Dolina-TD6.2 (Atapuerca, Spain)

The ability of early hominins to overcome the constraints imposed by the characteristics of raw materials used for stone tool production is a key topic on the discussion about the evolution of hominin cognitive capabilities and technical behaviours. Thus, technological variability has been the centrepiece on this debate. However, the variability of lithic assemblages cannot be correctly interpreted without understanding site occupational models and function and considering that individual tools represent specific discard moments in a continuous reduction process. In Europe, the earliest technological record is represented by the scarce and scattered Mode 1 technologies, often deriving from occasional occupations or restricted activity areas yielding unrepresentative assemblages. In this paper, we approach the technological behaviours exhibited by Lower Palaeolithic hominins from the subunit TD6.2 of the Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Burgos) by including the perspective of reduction intensity studies on the analysis of technological variability. Gran Dolina TD6.2 is a unique and extremely significant archaeological context, as it represents the oldest multi-layered unit of domestic hominin occupations in the Early Pleistocene of Europe. We use the Volumetric Reconstruction Method (VRM) to estimate the original volume of the blanks and quantify the reduction intensity of each core individually to characterise the reduction distribution patterns using Weibull probability distribution functions. Our results suggest differential raw material management in terms of reduction intensity, according to the characteristics of each lithology. This could reflect a solid understanding of raw material qualities and a certain degree of planning. Altogether, the continuity between knapping strategies through reduction denotes constant adaptation to raw material constraints as well as particular knapping conditions, rather than specific compartmentalised mental schemes. In conclusion, Homo antecessor toolmakers would have been situational knappers whose technological behaviour would be highly adaptive. This research constitutes the first reduction approach for the European Early Pleistocene assemblages that will lead to a referential framework for other European Early Pleistocene sites.Open access funding provided by Universitat Rovira i Virgili. This work has been carried out with the financial support of the Generalitat de Catalunya, AGAUR agency (2017SGR1040 Research Group), the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (2021PFR-URV-126), and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICINN/FEDER project PGC2018-093925-B-C32). The Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA) has received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the “María de Maeztu” programme for Units of Excellence (CEX2019-000945-M). JRR is a beneficiary of a Margarita Salas postdoctoral fellowship (MARSALAS21-22) funded by the European Union-Next Generation EU, the Spanish Ministry of Universities, and the University of Alicante. The research of J.I.M. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the “María de Maeztu” excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000945-M)

La delimitación del dominio público marítimo-terrestre en la Ley de Costas

Mi trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental realizar una comparación sobre la regulación de las costas entre la Ley de Costas de 1988 y su posterior reforma en 2013. En concreto, mi trabajo se centra en los límites del dominio público marítimo-terrestre fijados en una y en la otra Ley, determinando qué partes de la costa forman parte y cuáles no del dominio público. De esta manera, expongo las diferencias introducidas en este sentido por la reforma de 2013

Role of physical activity and health- related fitness on self-confidence and interpersonal relations in 14-year-old adolescents from secondary school settings: DADOS study

Background: The effect of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) on self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents is uncertain. Aim: To analyzed the associations of PA and PF with self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents. Sample: A total of 268 (138 boys) adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years) from the DADOS study were included in the analysis. Methods: PA was evaluated using GENEActiv accelerometers and the health-related PF components by the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery. The levels of self-confidence and interpersonal relations were determined by the Behavior Assessment System for Children Level 3. Results: The associations of PA levels and PF components with self-confidence reported positive associations of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), standing long jump, and 20-m shuttle run (shuttle run test) tests (all p < 0.05), and negative association of 4 × 10-m shuttle run test (4 × 10-m test), but only the 4 × 10-m test remained significant in the adjusted model for the whole sample and only in boys (p ≤ 0.01) when analyzed by sex. Regarding interpersonal relations, positive associations of standing long jump and shuttle run test (all p < 0.05), and negative association of 4 × 10-m test were found in all the adolescents. The shuttle run test was associated with interpersonal relations in boys independently of confounders. PA levels were not associated with interpersonal relations. Conclusion: A higher level of lower-limb muscle strength, speed-agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness might improve self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents, but these relationships seem to be influenced by sex, body mass index, and pubertal status. Speed-agility and cardiorespiratory fitness seem to have a stronger impact on boys. MVPA may improve self-confidence in adolescents

Proyecto arquitectónico del Centro educativo N°89011 a partir del modelo de escuela abierta a la comunidad, Chimbote - 2020

El presente estudio tiene como propósito esencial determinar los aportes de las características de una escuela abierta hacia la comunidad para la integración del centro educativo N°89011 con su entorno inmediato en la Urb. 21 de abril - zona A; impulsando no solo la relación de la población con el equipamiento educativo, sino también reintegrando a los moradores con las vías y espacios públicos que se han aislado de los habitantes; mejorando así los bienes vecinales y optimizando las condiciones de vida de los habitantes. La metodología utilizada para este trabajo fue de tipo descriptivo con un diseño no experimental de corte transeccional, mediante el cual recolectaremos datos actuales en el ámbito de estudio respecto al tema, su importancia y posibles soluciones. Esta investigación busca mejorar el uso del área destinada a educación y optimizar los estándares de infraestructura educativa; por ello la realización de este proyecto aspira a convertirse en una base de consulta y análisis no solo para futuros trabajos, sino para que tal vez el gobierno local busque soluciones relacionadas al carente modelo de emplazamiento de las escuelas y las fallas en el diseño que se han presentado a lo largo de los años en nuestra comunidad

Characterization of a cv. Tempranillo Tinto variant exhibiting a male-like flower phenotype

Domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is used for wine, fresh fruit, raisins and juice production. Two subspecies can be identified within this species: V. vinifera ssp. vinifera, the cultivated form comprising mostly hermaphrodite and some female cultivars and V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris, the suggested wild dioecious ancestor. Studies dealing with this trait identified a major QTL on chromosome 2 as the grapevine Sex Determining Region (SDR), which harbours several proposed candidate genes. The aim of this work is the genetic and molecular characterization of a Tempranillo Tinto somatic variant that shows an androgenized flower phenotype. Whilst flowers in this somatic variant develop normal stamens, they present a reduced gynoecium that, unlike canonical male flowers of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris, still enable fruit setting and ripening. Phenotyping results of a self-cross progeny of this variant line (more than 100 offspring) indicated that the mutant flower phenotype is inheritable. Furthermore, genotyping results of the microsatellite marker VVIB23, linked to the SDR, showed that the putative mutation co-localizes with this locus. One of the proposed female development inhibitor genes underlying the SDR locus is VviAPT3, which encodes an adenine phosphoribosyl transferase that may inactivate cytokinins by using them as substrate. The inactivation of these hormones, which promote gynoecium development in wild male vines if applied exogenously, could explain the mutant phenotype. RT- qPCR and RNA-seq expression analyses during flower development demonstrated the overexpression of VviAPT3 in the mutant line compared to a normal flower Tempranillo Tinto line used as control. Several experiments are ongoing to identify the genetic variation that causes this male-like phenotype, such as the comparison of the whole genome sequences of the variant and a control Tempranillo line, or the genotyping of VviAPT3 and other candidate genes through Sanger sequencing.Fil: Alañón, Noelia. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaFil: Carbonell Bejerano, Pablo. Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; AlemaniaFil: Mauri, Nuria. Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomic; EspañaFil: Ferradás, Yolanda. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaFil: Lijavetzky, Diego Claudio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; ArgentinaFil: Martinez-Zapater, José Miguel. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaFil: Ibañez, Javier. Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino; EspañaXIth International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and BiotechnologyStellenboschSudáfricaInternational Society for Horticultural Scienc

Survival of spin state in magnetic porphyrins contacted by graphene nanoribbons

We report on the construction and magnetic characterization of a fully functional hybrid molecular system composed of a single magnetic porphyrin molecule bonded to graphene nanoribbons with atomically precise contacts. We use on-surface synthesis to direct the hybrid creation by combining two molecular precursors on a gold surface. High-resolution imaging with a scanning tunneling microscope finds that the porphyrin core fuses into the graphene nanoribbons through the formation of new carbon rings at chemically predefined positions. These ensure the stability of the hybrid and the extension of the conjugated character of the ribbon into the molecule. By means of inelastic tunneling spectroscopy, we prove the survival of the magnetic functionality of the contacted porphyrin. The molecular spin appears unaffected by the graphenoid electrodes, and we simply observe that the magnetic anisotropy appears modified depending on the precise structure of the contacts.We acknowledge the financial support from Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) (project nos. MAT2016-78293-C6 and FIS2015-62538-ERC, and the Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Programme MDM-2016-0618), the Basque Government (Department Industry, grant no. PI-2015-1-42), the European project PAMS (610446), the Xunta de Galicia (Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016 to 2019, ED431G/09), the European Research Council (grant agreement no. 635919), and the European Regional Development FundS