Análisis de los efectos agudos de la competición en judo

[Resumen] El judo es un deporte de combate con esfuerzos intermitentes y de alta intensidad, en el que muchos atributos físicos son necesarios para lograr el desarrollo técnico-táctico óptimo y conseguir el éxito competitivo. La fuerza y el mantenimiento de esta en el tiempo son considerados factores predictores del rendimiento en este deporte. En una competición de judo, los deportistas deben participar en varios combates con un período de recuperación que decrece progresivamente entre ellos (i.e. sistema de eliminatoria), y disponiendo de un tiempo de recuperación mínimo de 10 minutos entre las luchas (Art. 10; FIJ, 2014). El esfuerzo de alta intensidad que caracteriza al combate de judo se repite sucesivamente en condiciones fisiológicas y metabólicas desfavorables. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo valorar los efectos de la competición de judo en la producción de fuerza y en la estabilidad, y su relación con las variables fisiológicas y metabólicas. Los resultados mostraron una mayor demanda cardiovascular hacia el final del combate y de la competición. También se encontró una participación glucolítica menor, una peor capacidad de remoción, una peor recuperación cardiaca y un impacto mayor en la regulación autonómica del corazón en los últimos combates. Esta situación fisiológica y metabólica se asoció con la pérdida de rendimiento en la capacidad de producir fuerza y la pérdida de estabilidad post-combate. Esta información puede ser de gran ayuda para los entrenadores y fisiólogos en orden de mejorar el diseño de entrenamientos de judo.[Resumo] O judo é un deporte de combate con esforzos intermitentes e de alta intensidade, onde moitos atributos físicos son necesarios para acadar o desenvolvemento técnico e táctico ideal e obter o éxito competitivo. A forza e a capacidade de manter esta no tempo son considerados preditores do rendemento neste deporte. Nunha competición de judo, os deportistas deben participar en varios combates cun período de recuperación que decrece progresivamente entre eles (i.e. sistema knockout), e tendo un tempo mínimo de recuperación de 10 minutos entre as loitas (Art.10; IJF, 2014). O esforzo de alta intensidade que caracteriza ao combate de judo é repetido sucesivamente en condicións fisiolóxicas e metabólicas desfavorables. O presente estudo ten como obxectivo avaliar os efectos da competición de judo na produción de forza e estabilidade, e a súa relación coas variables fisiolóxicas e metabólicas. Os resultados mostraron maior demanda cardiovascular ao final do combate e da competencia. Menor participación glucolítica, menor capacidade de eliminación de lactato sanguíneo, peor recuperación cardíaca e un maior impacto na regulación autonómica do corazón nos últimos combates. Este estado fisiolóxico e metabólico asociouse coa perda de rendemento na capacidade de producir forza e a perda de estabilidade post-combate. Esta información pode ser útil para os adestradores e fisioloxistas, a fin de mellorar o deseño de adetsramentos de judo.[Abstract] Judo is a high-intensity intermittent combat sport, in which many physical attributes are necessary to achieve optimal technical-tactical development and competitive success. Strength and strength endurance are considered potential predictors of judo performance. In a judo competition, athletes should participate in several bouts interspersed with a recovery period that decreases progressively (i.e. knockout system), and having a minimum recovery time of 10 minutes between fights (Art. 10; IJF, 2014). High intensity effort that characterizes the judo bout is repeated successively in unfavourable physiological and metabolic conditions. This study aims to assess the effects of the judo competition in the strength and stability, and its relationship with the physiological and metabolic variables. The results showed greater cardiovascular demand towards the end of combat and competition. Less glycolytic participation, poorer removal capacity, a worse cardiac recovery and a greater impact on the autonomic regulation of the heart in the latest fighting was also found. This physiological and metabolic state associated with yield loss in the ability to produce force and loss of post-combat stability. This information can be helpful to coaches and physiologists in order to improve the design of judo training

When and how a judo contest ends: analysis of scores, penalties, rounds and temporal units in 2018, 2019 and 2021 world championships

[Abstract] Introduction: The main aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between how contests end (scores or penalties), the temporal units and the competition rounds regarding when the contest end in the 2018, 2019 and 2021 JudoWorld Championships. A total of 2340 contests involving 2244 elite judo athletes (1343 men and 901 women) were analysed. Pearson’s chi-squared ( 2) was implemented to analyse the association between variables, and the standardised residuals were used to analyse its interpretation; the strength of the associations was reported as Cramer’s V. Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov were implemented to test the normality of the length of golden score (GS) sequences, and Kruskal–Wallis was applied for analysing GS sequences by championships. Mann– Whitney U was also implemented if a significant effect was detected. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results were as follows: (1) Most contests ended before the accomplishment of the regular time (BRT), and they were won by ippon. (2) During BRT, the defeated accumulated more shido than the winner, while the opposite happened in contests finishing at the regular time (FRT). (3) Contests ending in the first and third minutes decreased, while contests ending in the second and fourth minutes increased; a longer length of the GS period was observed for women compared with men. (4) BRT contests were overrepresented in rounds 1 and 2, while extended time contests (EXT) in repechage, semi-final, bronze and final were overrepresented. (5) There were fewer waza-ari than expected during the preliminary rounds and more in the final rounds. The current study reveals cornerstone information that could be used to improve the training programs of elite judo athletes

Analysis of successful behaviors leading to groundwork scoring skills in elite Judo athletes

[Abstract]: The present study aimed (1) to propose an approach of observational analysis of the preceding standing judo (tachi-waza (TW)) context to a groundwork (ne-waza (NW)) grappling score (NWGS), and (2) to analyze the outcomes of applying such a model in high-level judoists. We conducted an observational analysis of 176 NW scoring actions of 794 combats observed in Baku’s World Judo Championships of 2018. Women scored more NWGS, performing more corporal controls but less segmental controls compared with the men. Moreover, NWGS were scored predominately during the second and third minutes of combat, independently of the sex or the weight category. Most NWGS occurred after an asymmetrical lateral structure, without showing associations with a particular type of NWGS. The movement structure of the attacking action during TW leading to an NWGS was predominantly techniques without turn, followed closely by techniques with turn, and barely performed after supine position techniques. Data showed that NWGS occurred more frequently after a failed TW attack (68.6%) than after a scored TW attack (31.4%). The TW attacker achieved NWGS with a higher frequency (62%) than the TW defender (38%), who mainly took advantage of a failed TW attack (98.5% vs. 1.5%, after failed vs. scored TW, respectively). The grip configurations most frequently employed during TW were dorsal-sleeve and flap-sleeve; overall, frontal grips were predominant over dorsal grips. However, no specific TW grip was related to success or grip progression before an NWGS. Our results will help judo coaches understand the influence of these factors on judo performance and optimize the planning and execution of technical–tactical content

A lack of timing-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the performance of a choice reaction time task

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance the retention of a previously practiced motor skill. However, the effects of tDCS on the performance of the choice reaction time task are not fully understood. We examined the effects of anodal tDCS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) on the retention of a 4-choice visual-motor reaction time task (4-ChRT). Right-handed healthy participants (n = 100) were randomly assigned to five groups: three groups received anodal tDCS: before (tDCSbefore), during (tDCSduring), or after (tDCSafter) motor practice. In addition, there were two control groups: with (CONmp) and without (CON) motor practice. We evaluated the speed and precision of the 4-ChRT task before (PRE), during, and 24 h (POST) after the interventions. All groups, including the non-stimulation (CONmp) and non-practice groups (CON), improved (p < 0.05) motor retention (Δ4-ChRT: 35.8 ± 36.0 ms). These findings suggest that the tDCS effects over M1 may differ for serial versus choice RT tasks, perhaps due to the different brain areas involved in each motor task

Analysis of stress and academic-sports commitment through Self-organizing Artificial Neural Networks

Objective: The objective of this research was to understand the relationships between the variables resilience, coping, commitment and stress in the academic and sports fields, and their differences based on varied personal typologies. Material and Methods: A selective research methodology was used, with a retrospective ex-post-facto design. The sample was made up of 190 men between the ages of 13 and 17, athletes and students of Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO), Baccalaureate and Middle Grade Vocational Training. Results: The artificial intelligence technique SOM, allowed to identify in an autonomous way three clusters of athletes with psychological and sociodemographic characteristics similar to each other and different from those of the rest. Task coping was positively related to resilience and commitment and negatively to stress whereas emotion-oriented coping was positively related to stress. Conclusions: Athlete students tend to use the same coping strategies when facing stressful situations that they use in their sports practice. The levels in the variables analysed depend on the type of student and athlete, which can be used to identify risk groups and carry out interventions for their improvement

Improving on Half-Lightweight Male Judokas' High Performance by the Application of the Analytic Network Process

[Abstract] Judo is a multifactorial sport where many variables or key performance indicators (KPIs) such as force-velocity profile, bioenergetic capacity, technical and tactical skills, and cognitive and emotional competence play a role and influence the final result. While there have been many academic studies of these variables, usually in isolation, none have examined KPIs holistically or analyzed their impact on strategic performance. The main objective of the present study, therefore, is to apply a novel and easily replicable methodology to identify and prioritize the main KPIs affecting performance in professional judo. Such a methodology was applied to the High-Performance Judo Centre of Valencia, using a multi-criteria decision aid technique: the analytic network process (ANP). The ANP is used to identify and quantify cause and effect relationships not only between KPIs but also between KPIs and performance objectives. Further, the ANP offers effective results when there is a lack of historical KPI data, because it is based on experts’ opinions and judgments. A judo expert group (JEG) comprising elite judo coaches and half-lightweight (under 66 kg) male judokas applied the methodology to discriminate between the characteristics required when aiming to reach high-level strategic objectives (such as participating in the Olympic Games or winning a medal in a Grand Slam/Gran Prix). The JEG, which consisted of five elite judokas, national and international champions, and three Olympic coaches—including a former European champion and silvermedalist in a world championship—provided high added value to the study. The main findings were that the KPIs that made the most difference were mostly psychological, specifically motivation, stress, and team cohesion. Of these, motivation was by far the most important KPI for success in our case study, so judokas should make sure that they analyze it properly. Motivation is usually intrinsic to the competitor and should be maintained at a high level, not only during tournaments but also during daily training and lifestyle activities. Physical and other specific forms of training, as well as lifestyle KPIs, are very important for the elite competitor but are not sufficient to reach high-level objectives. The most important of these KPIs were Kumi-Kata (grip work), dual career, focus and concentration level, scouting, nutrition, and basic technique. Power and strength were the most important physical KPIs. In general, these are essential Uriarte Marcos et al. Psychology Skills in Professional Judo for meeting strategic objectives, but they do not make the crucial difference. This suggests that professional psychological support should be provided in daily training and that international team composition and internships should be fostered

Effects of a long-term adapted judo program on the health-related physical fitness of children with ASD

[Abstract] Physical fitness is one of the most important physical and mental health aspects for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study aimed to test the effects of a long-term adapted judo program on the health-related physical fitness of children with ASD. The participants were recruited from various associations of families and schools for children with special needs. Twenty-one children were assigned to an experimental group and nineteen to a control group. The experimental group participated in a six-month adapted judo program consisting of 90 min of practice each week. Health-related physical fitness was measured using the indicators obtained from the ALPHA-fitness battery, the estimated VO2max and the waist/height ratio0.5. Changes within and between groups were analyzed using linear mixed models for repeated measures designs and test-retest reliability of tests requiring a maximum score using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). A judo program tailored for children with ASD can improve the cardio-metabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness of its participants. The problems involved with administering physical aptitude tests that involve maximum effort or performance in children with ASD cast serious doubts on the reproducibility of their results

Improving motor skills and psychosocial behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder through an adapted judo program

[Abstract] Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of an adapted judo program on the motor skills and psychosocial abilities of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods: All participants had been diagnosed with ASD and were assessed twice, one time at the start of the intervention and again 6 months later, with the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-3) and the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Third Edition (GARS-3). A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was carried out in order to evaluate these assessments, and a mediation analysis was done to determine the relationship between them. Results: The experimental group significantly improved (p < 0.05) from the pre-test to the post-test for several subtests of the TGMD-3 and the GARS-3. Conclusion: The study shows that participation in an adapted judo program clearly helps to improve the motor skills and psychosocial behaviors of children with ASD

The Effect of Eight-Week Functional Core Training on Core Stability in Young Rhythmic Gymnasts: A Randomized Clinical Trial

All data files are available from the figshare database: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16810885.v1 (accessed on 29 January 2022)[Abstract] It is suggested that core stability (CS) might improve rhythmic gymnasts' performance. Nevertheless, the effect of core stability training (CST) in CS performance is not clear. Purpose: Evaluating the effect of an eight-week functional CST on young rhythmics gymnasts' CS performance. Method: A sample of 45 young female rhythmic gymnasts from a competitive team (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years, height = 144.1 ± 10.6 cm, weight 38.2 ± 8.9 kg, peak height velocity (PHV) = 12.2 ± 0.6 years) participated in the study. The participants were randomly allocated into the control group (CG) and experimental group (EG) and completed pre-tests and post-tests of specific CS tests using a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU). The CS was assessed by the bent knee fall out (BKFO), the active straight leg raise (ASLR) tests and the pelvic tilt test, all performed on the right and left sides. The EG (n = 23) performed an eight-week functional CST program based on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) technical requirements added to the traditional RG training sessions. Meanwhile, the CG (n = 22) received the traditional RG training sessions. Results: Mixed model analysis showed non-significant interaction effects; however, the ANOVA omnibus test showed a time effect (p &lt; 0.05) in right BKFO (F1,42 = 4.60; p = 0.038) and both pelvic tilt tests (right F1,42 = 22.01, p &lt; 0.001; left F1,42 = 19.13, p &lt; 0.001). There were non-significant interaction effects. The fixed effects estimated parameters for right BKFO showed that both groups had less pressure variation after intervention compared with pre-intervention (β = -1.85 mmHg, 95%CI = [-3.54 to -0.16], t42 = -2.14, p = 0.038). Furthermore, the left pelvic tilt (β = 37.0 s, 95%CI = [20.4 to 53.6], t42 = 4.37, p &lt; 0.001) improved 8.9 s more than the right pelvic tilt (β = 28.1 s, 95%CI = [16.3 to 39.8], t42 = 4.69, p &lt; 0.001) considering both groups together. Conclusions: Adding a functional CST to regular training showed a trend in improving the performance of CS-related variables, which could help improve RG-specific performance. Coaches working with rhythmic gymnasts should consider adding a functional CST to regular training to improve CS performance leading to increased specific RG performance.https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16810885.v