La cláusula absoluta mínima

Dentro del marco de la predicación no-finita se encuentran dos estructuras que han sido foco de atención desde la Gramática Generativa hasta la Teoría Minimalista Fuerte, las cláusulas absolutas (CA) y las construcciones de marcado excepcional de Caso (ECM).Ambas estructuras presentan codificaciones diferentes en cuanto al tamaño de proyección que expresan y el tipo de Caso abstracto que pueden asignar. Por un lado, se ha dicho que la CA proyecta C y asigna Caso nominativo a su sujeto; por otro lado,en la ECM, queestá constituida por una cláusula mínima (CM) y una cabeza verbal externa, no existe un consenso a priori de cuál es el tamaño de la proyección de la CM, sin embargo ningún elemento de la cabeza sintáctica puede asignarle Caso asu sujeto, por lo que estesujeto debe recibirlo de la cabeza externa que lo subcategoriza. Esta investigación, en particular,presenta un análisis sintáctico de la construcción absoluta introducida por una preposición con(CA-M) desde dos perspectivas: (i) la modificación adverbial externa a su constitución que presenta en relación con una oración principal y (ii) la estructura interna de sus elementosasí como la asignación de Caso oblicuo a su sujeto. Dicho análisis propone que la CA-M es una estructura híbrida que puede considerarse tanto dentro de la clasificación de la CA como dentro de la clasificación de la ECM

The Chlamydia effector TarP mimics the mammalian leucine-aspartic acid motif of paxillin to subvert the focal adhesion kinase during invasion

Host cell signal transduction pathways are often targets of bacterial pathogens, especially during the process of invasion when robust actin remodeling is required. We demonstrate that the host cell focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was necessary for the invasion by the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia caviae. Bacterial adhesion triggered the transient recruitment of FAK to the plasma membrane to mediate a Cdc42- and Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly. FAK recruitment was via binding to a domain within the virulence factor TarP that mimicked the LD2 motif of the FAK binding partner paxillin. Importantly, bacterial two-hybrid and quantitative imaging assays revealed a similar level of interaction between paxillin-LD2 and TarP-LD. The conserved leucine residues within the L(D/E)XLLXXL motif were essential to the recruitment of FAK, Cdc42, p34Arc, and actin to the plasma membrane. In the absence of FAK, TarP-LD-mediated F-actin assembly was reduced, highlighting the functional relevance of this interaction. Together, the data indicate that a prokaryotic version of the paxillin LD2 domain targets the FAK signaling pathway, with TarP representing the first example of an LD-containing Type III virulence effector

Usos morfosintácticos no académicos en programas de la Televisión Avileña/Non-academic morphosyntacticuses in local television programs in Ciego de Ávila

El estudio de la lengua española para los países que hacen uso de ella es de vital importancia para el mantenimiento de la unidad lingüística. Los medios de comunicación, especialmente la televisión, forman disímiles modelos (entre los que se encuentra el lingüístico) en los televidentes. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir algunos usos morfosintácticos no académicos presentes en el sistema verbal que caracteriza el uso de la lengua oral de los locutores de la Televisión Avileña. Como resultado se caracteriza el uso del infinitivo independiente; construcciones perifrásticas con gerundio y con el auxiliar estar

Knowledge, attitudes, and related practices of Filipino seafarers regarding cardiovascular diseases

Background: Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality. Due to the nature of their work and lifestyle on board, Filipino seafarers have a high propensity towards acquiring CVD. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to CVD of Filipino seafarers. Materials and methods: This study utilised a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among 136 male seafarers who went into a private general hospital for their pre-employment medical examination. Results: Eating fatty foods (77.0%), cigarette smoking (68.4%) and lack of exercise (65.4%) were identified by the respondents as the top three most common risk factors for CVD. Avoiding fatty or oily foods (85.3%) and exercising regularly (83.1%) were identified by the respondents as preventive measures for CVD. High blood pressure and shortness of breath were identified by more than half of the respondents as a sign and symptom of CVD, respectively. But the respondents failed to identify other equally important signs and symptoms. Majority of the respondents (> 80%) had high level of perception with respect to the six constructs of the health belief model. Some respondents had admitted engagement in risk-taking behaviours such as smoking (36.0%) and physical inactivity (27.2%). Majority were into high fat and salt diet (70.6%) and current alcohol consumption (79.4%). Conclusions: Although the respondents had favourable attitudes towards CVD, there were knowledge gaps in risk factors, preventive measures, and recognition of signs and symptoms. Hence, some were still engaging in risk-taking behaviours such as smoking, irregular involvement in physical activity, unbalanced diet, and alcohol intake.

Characterization of the Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in In Vitro-Generated Stratified Epithelium

This project was supported by NIH grant AI065545, NIFA grant 1010265, the University of Aberdeen's Knowledge Exchange Transfer Fund, and start-up funds from the WSU College of Veterinary Medicine to RC. AN is a recipient of the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia fellowship SFRH/BD/86670/201

Apuntes para un estudio de la novela ¡Absalón, Absalón!, de William Faulkner

In this paper relevant information about life and work of William Faulkner, Nobel Prize of literatura in 1950, and some controversial issues are proposed in relation to the novel ¡Absalón, Absalón!, which may constitute a point of departure for a deep analysis of this literary work, mainly concerned with the work with time, narrators, and characters, categories that from the conception of the treatment given by the author, illustrate contemporary narrative. Thus, the objective of the current paper is to give some elements in which the literary analysis method chosen or the mixture of methods that could be used, having as the main premise a former reading and comprehension of the literary text.El trabajo que se presenta compila datos relevantes de la vida y la obra de William Faulkner, Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1950, y propone elementos controversiales del estudio de la novela ¡Absalón, Absalón! que pueden constituir apuntes de partida para un análisis profundo de la obra literaria, sobre todo lo referido al trabajo con el tiempo, narradores y personajes; categorías que, desde la concepción del tratamiento brindado por el autor, ilustran la novedad de la narrativa contemporánea. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo está centrado en brindar elementos que pueden abordarse desde el método de análisis literario que se seleccione o la combinación de métodos que puedan utilizarse, siempre teniendo como premisa la anterior lectura y comprensión del texto literario

Machine Learning and Metabolic Model Guided CRISPRi Reveals a Central Role for Phosphoglycerate Mutase in \u3ci\u3eChlamydia trachomatis\u3c/i\u3e Persistence

Upon nutrient starvation, Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 (CTL) shifts from its normal growth to a non-replicating form, termed persistence. It is unclear if persistence is an adaptive response or lack of it. To understand that transcriptomics data were collected for nutrientsufficient and nutrient-starved CTL. Applying machine learning approaches on transcriptomics data revealed a global transcriptomic rewiring of CTL under stress conditions without having any global stress regulator. This indicated that CTL’s stress response is due to lack of an adaptive response mechanism. To investigate the impact of this on CTL metabolism, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic model of CTL (iCTL278) and contextualized it with the collected transcriptomics data. Using the metabolic bottleneck analysis on contextualized iCTL278, we observed phosphoglycerate mutase (pgm) regulates the entry of CTL to the persistence. Later, pgm was found to have the highest thermodynamics driving force and lowest enzymatic cost. Furthermore, CRISPRi-driven knockdown of pgm and tryptophan starvation experiments revealed the importance of this gene in inducing persistence. Hence, this work, for the first time, introduced thermodynamics and enzyme-cost as tools to gain deeper understanding on CTL persistence

Alternatively Activated Macrophages Are Host Cells for Chlamydia trachomatis and Reverse Anti-chlamydial Classically Activated Macrophages

The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) is the causative agent of the most common form of sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Genital infections with C. trachomatis can lead to inflammatory tissue damage followed by scarring and tissue remodeling during wound healing. Extensive scarring can lead to ectopic pregnancy or infertility. Classically activated macrophages (CA mϕ), with their anti-microbial effector mechanisms, are known to be involved in acute inflammatory processes during the course of infection. In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages (AA mϕ) contribute to tissue repair at sites of wound healing, and have reduced bactericidal functions. They are present during infection, and thus potentially can provide a growth niche for C. trachomatis during a course of infection. To address this question, macrophages derived from CD14-positive monocytes magnetically isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were treated with interferon-γ or interleukin-4 to produce CA mϕ or AA mϕ, respectively. Confocal microscopy of chlamydial inclusions and quantification of infectious yields revealed better pathogen growth and development in AA mϕ than CA mϕ, which correlated with the reduced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, a known anti-chlamydial effector of the host. Furthermore, AA mϕ stained strongly for transferrin receptor and secreted higher amounts of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 compared to CA mϕ, characteristics that indicate its suitability as host to C. trachomatis. CA, AA, and resting mϕ were infected with Ctr serovar L2. The data suggest that IL-10 produced by infected AA mϕ attenuated the anti-chlamydial function of CA mϕ with growth recovery observed in infected CA mϕ in the presence of infected, but not mock-infected AA mϕ. This could be related to our observation that IL-10 treatment of infected CA mϕ promoted better chlamydial growth. Thus, in addition to serving as an additional niche, AA mϕ might also serve as a means to modulate the immediate environment by attenuating the anti-chlamydial functions of nearby CA mϕ in a manner that could involve IL-10 produced by infected AA mϕ

Inmunohistoquímica, una herramienta para la selección terapéutica en cáncer de mama

Introduction: Breast cancer is a group of tumors that can show similar clinical and homogeneous histological aspects, however, with a very diverse biological behavior and a great variability in the response to treatment. The current histological classification based on hematoxylin eosin does not allow to identify the patients who will present better responses and benefits with the different therapeutic modalities. Immunohistochemistry is related to the chemical activity of cells and tissues. Objective: To explain the importance of immunohistochemistry in therapeutic selection in breast cancer. Methodology: We consulted the literature related to the topic and carried out this review. Results and discussion: Taking into account the advances obtained with the immunohistochemistry technique, it is possible to have a more accurate prediction of behavior, allow a personalized therapy with better control of the disease, relapse-free survival and overall survival. Conclusions: The development of immunohistochemistry allows personalized therapies according to subtypes in breast cancer, achieving significant benefits in disease control and survival.Introducción: El cáncer de mama constituye un grupo de tumores que puede mostrar clínica semejante y   aspectos histológicos homogéneos, sin embargo, con un comportamiento biológico muy diverso y una gran variabilidad en la respuesta al tratamiento. La clasificación histológica actual basada en la hematoxilina eosina no permite identificar las pacientes que presentarán mejores respuestas y beneficios con las diferentes modalidades terapéuticas. La inmunohistoquímica se relaciona con la actividad química de las células y los tejidos. Objetivo: Explicar la importancia de la inmunohistoquímica en la selección terapéutica en cáncer de mama. Metodología: Se consultó la bibliografía relacionada con el tema y se llevó a cabo la presente revisión. Resultados y discusión: Teniendo en cuenta los avances obtenidos con la técnica de inmunohistoquímica es posible tener una predicción más acertada del comportamiento, permitir una terapia personalizada con mejor control de la enfermedad, supervivencia libre de recaída y supervivencia global. Conclusiones: El desarrollo de la inmunohistoquímica permite terapias personalizadas según subtipos en cáncer de mama alcanzando beneficios significativos en el control de la enfermedad y supervivencia

Characterization of the Growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in In Vitro-Generated Stratified Epithelium

Chlamydia infection targets the mucosal epithelium, where squamous and columnar epithelia can be found. Research on Chlamydia-epithelia interaction has predominantly focused on columnar epithelia, with very little known on how Chlamydia interacts with the squamous epithelium. The stratification and differentiation processes found in the squamous epithelium might influence chlamydial growth and infection dissemination. For this reason, three-dimensional (3D) organotypic stratified squamous epithelial cultures were adapted to mimic the stratified squamous epithelium and chlamydial infection was characterized. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in monolayers and 3D cultures were monitored by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate inclusion growth and chlamydial interconversion between elementary and reticulate body. We observed that the stratified epithelium varied in susceptibility to C. trachomatis serovars L2 and D infection. The undifferentiated basal cells were susceptible to infection by both serovars, while the terminally differentiated upper layers were resistant. The differentiating suprabasal cells exhibited different susceptibilities to serovars L2 and D, with the latter unable to establish a successful infection in this layer. Mature elementary body-containing inclusions were much more prevalent in these permissive basal layers, while the uppermost differentiated layers consistently harbored very few reticulate bodies with no elementary bodies, indicative of severely limited bacterial replication and development. For serovar D, the differentiation state of the host cell was a determining factor, as calcium-induced differentiation of cells in a monolayer negatively affected growth of this serovar, in contrast to serovar L2. The apparent completion of the developmental cycle in the basal layers of the 3D cultures correlated with the greater degree of dissemination within and the level of disruption of the stratified epithelium. Our studies indicate that the squamous epithelium is a suboptimal environment for growth, and thus potentially contributing to the protection of the lower genital tract from infection. The relatively more fastidious serovar D exhibited more limited growth than the faster-growing and more invasive L2 strain. However, if given access to the more hospitable basal cell layer, both strains were able to produce mature inclusions, replicate, and complete their developmental cycle