Humoral immune response to different routes of myxomatosis vaccine application

[EN] The aim of our study was to monitor the dynamics of the serological response to different application routes of live attenuated myxomatosis vaccine. The study included 42 Californian breed rabbits, aged 3 mo, of both sexes. They were separated into 7 groups: 6 experimental and 1 control. All experimental groups were vaccinated on day 0 with a single dose of myxomatosis vaccine (min 103.3 tissue culture infective dose 50 [TCID50], max 105.8 TCID50). Three of the groups were injected with monovalent attenuated myxomatosis vaccine using different types of application: intradermal (i.d.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.). The other 3 groups were injected with bivalent attenuated vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease; again the routes of administration were i.d., i.m. and s.c.. There were no clinical signs or serious side effects after vaccination. The serological response was evaluated on days 7, 15 and 30 with a monoclonal antibody based-competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). More rapid and potent humoral response was detected in groups with i.d. inoculation in comparison to i.m. and s.c. routes. Vaccination with monovalent vaccine against myxomatosis induced higher antibody titre in comparison to bivalent vaccine. Our study showed that the vaccine application route and the type of vaccine used influence the speed and intensity of antibody response.Manev, I.; Genova, K.; Lavazza, A.; Capucci, L. (2018). Humoral immune response to different routes of myxomatosis vaccine application. World Rabbit Science. 26(2):149-154. doi:10.4995/wrs.2018.7021SWORD149154262Alfonso M., Pagès-Manté A. 2003. Serological response to Myxomatosis vaccination by different inoculation systems on farm rabbits. World Rabbit Sci. 2003, 11: 145-156. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2003.504Barcena J., Morales M., Vázquez B., Boga J., Parra F., Lucientes J., Pagès-Manté A., Sánchez-Vizcaino J., Blasco R., Torres J. 2000. Horizontal Transmissible Protection against Myxomatosis and Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease by Using a Recombinant Myxoma Virus. J. Virol., 74, 1114-1123.Bertagnoli S., Gelfi J., Gall G., Boilletot E., Vautherot J., Rasschaert D., Laurent S., Petit F., Boucraut-Baralon C., Milon A. 1996. Protection against myxomatosis and rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease with recombinant myxoma viruses expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein. J. Virol., 70: 5061-5066.Best S., Kerr P. 2000. Coevolution of Host and Virus: The Pathogenesis of Virulent and Attenuated Strains of Myxoma Virus in Resistant and Susceptible European Rabbits. Virology, 267, 36-48. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.0104Bhanuprakash V., Hosamani M., Venkatesan G., Balamurugan V., Yogisharadhya R., Singh R. 2012. Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review Expert Rev. Vaccines, 11, 1355-1374. https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.12.116Calvete C., Estrada R., Lucientes J., Osacar J., Villafuerte R., 2004. Effects of vaccination against viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD) and myxomatosis on long-term mortality rates of European wild rabbits. Vet. Rec., 155: 388-392.Dalton K., Nicieza I., Gullón J., Inza M., Petralanda M., Arroita Z., Parra F. 2012. Analysis of Myxomatosis outbreaks on Spanish rabbit farms. In Proc.: 10th World Rabbit Congress, September 3 - 6, 2012, Sharm El- Sheikh, Egypt, 1203-1207.Dalton K., Nicieza I., de Llano D., Gullón J., Inza M., Petralanda M., Arroita Z., Parra F. 2015. Vaccine breaks: Outbreaks of myxomatosis on Spanish commercial rabbit farms. Vet. Microbiol., 178, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.008Dan M., Baraitareanu S., Danes D., 2014. Serosurveillance of Myxomatosis by Competitive ELISA. Bulletin UASVM Veterinary Medicine. 71, 266-267.Day M., Fenner F., Woodroofe G., McIntyre G.A. 1956. Further studies on the mechanism of mosquito transmission of Myxomatosis in the European rabbit. J. Hyg. Cambridge, 54:258-283.Farsang A., Makranszki L., Dobos-Kovacs M., Virag G., Fabian K., Barna T., Kuclsar G., Kucsera L., Vetesi F. 2003. Occurrence of atypical myxomatosis in central Europe: clinical and virological examinations. Acta Vet. Hung., 51, 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.51.2003.4.7Fenner F., Ratcliffe F. 1965. Myxomatosis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Ferreira C., Ramírez E., Castro F., Ferreras P., Alves P., Redpath S., Villafuerte R. 2009. Field experimental vaccination campaigns against myxomatosis and their effectiveness in the wild. Vaccine, 27: 6998-7002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.075Jeklova E., Leva L., Matiasovic J., Kovarcik K., Kudlackova H., Nevorankova Z., Psikal I., Faldyna M. 2007. Characterisation of immunosuppression in rabbits after infection with myxoma virus, Vet. Microbiol., 129: 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.039Kerr P.J. 1997. An ELISA for Epidemiological Studies of Myxomatosis: Persistance of Antibodies to Myxoma Virus in European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Wildlife Res., 24: 53-65.https://doi.org/10.1071/WR96058Kerr P.J. 2012. Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: A model for emerging infectious diseases. Antivir. Res., 93: 387-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.009Kim, Y.C., Jarrahian, C., Zehrung, D., Mitragotri, S., Prausnitz , M.R. 2012. Delivery Systems for Intradermal Vaccination. Curr. Top. Microbiol., 351: 77-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2011_123King A., Adams M., Carstens E., Lefkowitz E. 2012. Virus Taxonomy. Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 291-309.Lavazza A., Graziani M., Tranquillo V.M., Botti G., Palotta C., Cerioli M., Capucci L. 2004. Serorological evaluation of the immunity induced in commercial rabbits by vaccination for Myxomatosis and RHD, In Proc.: 8th World Rabbit Congress, September 7-10, 2004, Puebla, Mexico, 569-575.Le Normand B., Chatellier S., Devaud I., Delvecchio A., Lavazza A., Capucci L. 2015. Evaluation de l'immunité humorale consécutive à la vaccination avec Dervaximyxo SG33 chez des lapines reproductrices vaccinées à différents stades du cycle productif. 16e Journées de la Recherche Cunicole. Le Mans, France. 17-20.Lemiere S. 2000. Combined vaccination against myxomatosis and VHD: an innovative approach, In: 7th World Rabbit Congress, Valencia, 4-7th July, Spain, World Rabbit Sci., 8 suppl 1. Vol. B:289-297.Levin C., Perrin H., Combadiere B. 2015. Tailored immunity by skin antigen-presenting cells. Hum. Vacc. Immunother., 11: 27-36. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.34299Marlier D. 2010. Vaccination strategies against myxomavirus infections: are we really doing the best? Tijdschr Diergeneesk., 135: 194-198.Marlier D., Mainil J., Boucraut-Baralon C., Linden A., Vindevogel H. 2000. The efficacy of two vaccination schemes against expérimental infection with a virulent amyxomatous or a virulent nodular myxoma virus strain. J. Comp. Path. Vol. 122, 115-122. https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.1999.0346Marshall I., Regnery C. 1960. Myxomatosis in a California brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani). Nature, 188: 73-74. http://doi.org/10.1038/188073b0Morimoto M. 2009. General Physiology of Rabbits. In: Houdebine LM., Fan J. (eds) Rabbit Biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht. OIE. 2014. Myxomatosis. Chapter 2.6.1. (NB: Version adopted in May 2014). 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A novel non-invasive device for the assessment of central venous pressure in hospital, office and home

Background: Venous congestion can be quantified by central venous pressure (CVP) and its monitoring is crucial to understand and follow the hemodynamic status of patients with cardio-respiratory diseases. The standard technique for CVP measurement is invasive, requiring the insertion of a catheter into a jugular vein, with potential complications. On the other hand, the current non-invasive methods, mainly based on ultrasounds, remain operator-dependent and are unsuitable for use in the home environment. In this paper, we will introduce a novel, non-invasive device for the hospital, office and home assessment of CVP. Methods: After describing the measurement concept, we will report a preliminary experimental study enrolling 5 voluntary healthy subjects to evaluate the VenCoM measurements’ repeatability, and the system’s capability in measuring small elicited venous pressure variations (2 mmHg), as well as an induced venous hypertension within a pathological range (12÷20 mmHg). Results: The experimental measurements showed a repeatability of ±1mmHg. The VenCoM device was able to reliably detect the elicited venous pressure variations and the simulated congestive status. Discussion and Conclusion: The proposed non-invasive VenCoM device is able to provide a fast and repeatable CVP estimate, having a wide spectrum of potential clinical applications, including the monitoring of venous congestion in heart failure patients and in subjects with renal and hepatic dysfunction, as well as pulmonary hypertension (PH) that can be extended to pneumonia COVID-19 patients even after recovery. The device needs to be tested further on a large sample size of both healthy and pathological subjects, to systematically validate its reliability and impact in clinical setting

Novel Calicivirus Identified in Rabbits, Michigan, USA

This virus is distinct from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

Utility of blotting paper for serological tests to perform monitoring programs for European Brown Hare Syndrome (EBHS)

Since mid \u201880 the European brown hare (Lepus europeaus) populations have been progressively declining due to several causes, including the occurrence of EBHS. After the first outbreaks in North Italy in the \u201990, the periodical EBHS cases imposed the adoption of an articulate monitoring plan of the different hare populations, including those from protected areas and the hunting territory. In addition to the examination of dead animals for viral detection, such monitoring activity takes advantage from serological survey i.e. by checking the presence of antibodies to EBHSV. Since different types of blood sampling may be adopted according to each situation, from 2005 to 2012, we planned to compare the serological titres obtained by testing with cELISA: a) the \u201cclassical\u201d serum b) samples of blood dried onto blotting paper and c) bloody fluid from the heart cavities. The major aim was to establish the utility of each sampling method for verifying hares\u2019 health status and the possibility to get data from low density areas, as hunting ones. We analysed the following samples: a) + b = 305 animals; b) + c) = 182 animals; a) + c) = 95 animals. Even if blotting paper and cardiac blood slightly underestimate the EBHSV antibody titres, both these \u201calternative\u201d sampling methods may be useful for field studies. Moreover, the slightly underestimates of antibody titres do not prevent to correctly interpret the sero-epidemiological results with regard to the understanding of spatial/time exposure of the population to EBHS and the ability of single hares to resist the EBHSV infection

A New Frontier of Photocatalysis Employing Micro-Sized TiO2: Air/Water Pollution Abatement and Self-Cleaning/ Antibacterial Applications

This chapter presents the use of a commercial micro-sized TiO2 powder as an alternative to the traditional nano-powders as semiconductors in photocatalytic processes. Results of the photocatalytic efficiency towards the photodegradation of the traditional pollutant molecules both in gas phase (nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) and in water phase (phenol) are presented and compared to the results obtained with two nano-sized reference powders. Micro-sized TiO2 is also industrially coated at the surfaces of porcelain grés tiles (Active Clean Air and Antibacterial Ceramic™). The possibility to have a photocatalytic material, strongly stuck at the surface of a vitrified tile, increases the use of photocatalysis in real conditions: no problem of filtration of the semiconductor from the liquid medium after use and no risks of leakage of nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Tests were performed using reactors equipped with UV-A lamps and with suitable analytical systems, depending on the final purpose. Characterization data from both powders and coated tiles are put in correlation with the photocatalytic results to understand the semiconductor action during the photocatalytic process. Polluting molecules were chosen in order to cover all the common aspects of environmental pollution: NOx and some VOCs represent the model molecules to test the efficiency of the micro-sized TiO2 (degradation from the pristine molecule to CO2 or inorganic salts) in gas phase. As for the water pollution, phenol was chosen as common pollutant in worldwide rivers. Moreover, tests on self-cleaning and antibacterial properties are also reported. The positive results of micro-sized TiO2 both in powder and coated onto the surface of porcelain grés tiles open the way to new photocatalytic products that do not make use of nanoscale powders avoiding problems to human safety caused by the inherent toxicity of the nanoparticles

Safety and efficacy of dronedarone from clinical trials to real-world evidence: implications for its use in atrial fibrillation.

Efficacy and safety of dronedarone was shown in the ATHENA trial for paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Further trials revealed safety concerns in patients with heart failure and permanent AF. This review summarizes insights from recent real-world studies and meta-analyses, including reports on efficacy, with focus on liver safety, mortality risk in patients with paroxysmal/persistent AF, and interactions of dronedarone with direct oral anticoagulants. Reports of rapidly progressing liver failure in dronedarone-prescribed patients in 2011 led to regulatory cautions about potential liver toxicity. Recent real-world evidence suggests dronedarone liver safety profile is similar to other antiarrhythmics and liver toxicity could be equally common with many Class III antiarrhythmics. Dronedarone safety concerns (increased mortality in patients with permanent AF) were raised based on randomized controlled trials (RCT) (ANDROMEDA and PALLAS), but comedication with digoxin may have increased the mortality rates in PALLAS, considering the dronedarone-digoxin pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction. Real-world data on apixaban-dronedarone interactions and edoxaban RCT observations suggest no significant safety risks for these drug combinations. Median trough plasma concentrations of dabigatran 110 mg during concomitant use with dronedarone are at acceptable levels, while PK data on the rivaroxaban-dronedarone interaction are unavailable. In RCTs and real-world studies, dronedarone significantly reduces AF burden and cardiovascular hospitalizations, and demonstrates a low risk for proarrhythmia in patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF. The concerns on liver safety must be balanced against the significant reduction in hospitalizations in patients with non-permanent AF and low risk for proarrhythmias following dronedarone treatment