International comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: parents’ reports from 24 societies

International comparisons were conducted of preschool children’s behavioral and emotional problems as reported on the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½–5 by parents in 24 societies (N¼19,850). Item ratings were aggregated into scores on syndromes; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–oriented scales; a Stress Problems scale; and Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales. Effect sizes for scale score differences among the 24 societies ranged from small to medium (3–12%). Although societies differed greatly in language, culture, and other characteristics, Total Problems scores for 18 of the 24 societies were within 7.1 points of the omnicultural mean of 33.3 (on a scale of 0–198). Gender and age differences, as well as gender and age interactions with society, were all very small (effect sizes<1%). Across all pairs of societies, correlations between mean item ratings averaged .78, and correlations between internal consistency alphas for the scales averaged .92, indicating that the rank orders of mean item ratings and internal consistencies of scales were very similar across diverse societies

Étude des différences liées au sexe dans les corrélats cérébraux d'une tâche de langage et d'une tâche visuo-spatiale par le recours à l'Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf)

Il s agissait de tester l effet principal du sexe et du niveau (bas ou élevé) de performance de fluidité verbale (FV) et de leur combinaison sur les corrélats cérébraux liés à la FV. Quatre échantillons de 11 étudiants sains sélectionnés sur le sexe et les performances ont effectué une tâche silencieuse de FV phonologique à l aide de l Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Les groupes présentaient des activations dans les lobes frontaux, occipitaux et pariétaux, le cervelet, le thalamus et les ganglions de la base. Les analyses indiquaient : une interaction sexe-performance sur l ampleur des activations de plusieurs régions, un effet du sexe pour d autres les activations étaient plus importantes pour les hommes -, un effet de la performance pour deux régions. Il faudrait considérer à la fois le sexe et la performance dans les études des corrélats cérébraux de la FV. A partir de 15 études en IRMf pour une tâche de Rotation Mentale (RM), des critères stricts de regroupements ont été appliqués. Deux corpus distincts d études ont été constitués pour déterminer les corrélats cérébraux robustes de la RM communs aux hommes et aux femmes et ceux spécifiques à chaque sexe. Quel que soit le sexe, le complexe des scissures intrapariétale et pariéto-occipitale était systématiquement engagé bilatéralement et l implication des aires pré-motrices était moins fréquente. Le gyrus frontal inférieur droit tendait à être plus fréquemment impliqué dans les groupes de femmes que ceux d hommes tandis que le complexe occipital latéral était uniquement impliqués chez les femmes. La question est de savoir si ces différences persisteraient en fonction des performances.The aim was to test the main sex effect and the (high or low) performance level of verbal fluency (VF) and a combination of these two on cerebral correlates related to VF. Four samples of 11 healthy students selected according to their sex and performances carried out a silent phonological VF task with the help of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). The groups showed activation in the frontal, occipital and parietal lobes the cerebellum, the thalamus and basal ganglia. The analyses indicated : a sex-performance interaction on the amount of activation in several areas, a sex effect for others activation was greater for men - a performance effect for two regions. Both sex and performance should be considered in studies on VF cerebral correlates. Working from 15 fMRI studies on a Mental Rotation (MR) task, strict grouping criteria were applied. Two distinct study corpuses were constituted in order to determine which robust cerebral correlates of MR were common to both men and women and which were specific to each sex. Whatever the sex, the intraparietal and parieto-occipital sulci complex was systematically involved bilaterally and the involvement of the pre-motor areas was less common. The right inferior frontal gyrus tended to be more commonly involved for the groups of women than men whereas the lateral occipital complex was involved for women only. The question was to know whether these differences persisted depending on performance.MONTPELLIER-BU Lettres (341722103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Épidémiologie des troubles du comportement chez les jeunes au début de l'adolescence

L'objectif de cette étude a été d'étudier (1) les qualités psychométriques du questionnaire Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) ; 2) la prévalence des troubles du comportement à partir des évaluations multi-informants et 3) le lien entre le statut de ménarche et les troubles dépressifs, évalués par le Children Depression Inventory (CDI, Kovacs, 1985), ainsi que ceux internalisés et externalisés. Pour ces objectifs quatre échantillons d'adolescents ont été constitués : un clinique, un épidémiologique, un autre constitué de l'ensemble des adolescents d'un collège et un dernier de collégiens scolarisés en classe de cinquième. Les qualités psychométriques et épidémiologiques du SDQ ont été étudiées et les résultats trouvés sont satisfaisants et en accord avec les études internationales antérieures (Goodman, 2001). La prévalence des troubles du comportement a été calculée en combinant les données des évaluations par les enseignants et les adolescents. Un taux d'environ 16% a été calculé, ce qui est en accord avec les méta-analyses sur les troubles du comportement. Enfin, un lien entre les troubles du comportement et le statut de ménarche a été mis en évidence : les jeunes filles ayant leurs règles seraient plus à risque pour les troubles dépressifs, internalisés et externalisés. Puis, l'effet conjoint du statut de ménarche et de la structure familiale a été testé. Un effet interactif est trouvé pour le score total au CDI alors que cet effet est additif sur le score total au SDQ adolescent. La combinaison entre le statut de ménarche et la structure familiale n'a pas le même impact selon les troubles mesurés par l'échelle.The goals of this study were to examine (1) the psychometric qualities of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); (2) the prevalence of the behaviour disorders think to the multi-informants' evaluations and (3) the link between the menarcheal status and the depressive behaviour, evaluated by the Children Depression Inventory (CDI, Kovacs 1985), as well as the internalising and externalising behaviours. For these aims four samples of adolescents were constituted: one clinical, one epidemiological, another composed by all the adolescents of a school and the last composed of second-year schoolchildren. The psychometric as well as the epidemiological properties of the SDQ were studied and the results were satisfying and in agreement with the previous studies (Goodman, 2001). The prevalence of the behaviour disorders were calculated using the data of the teachers and adolescents. A prevalence rate of 16% was obtained, and this rate is in agreement with a meta-analysis on the behaviour disorders. Finally, a link was found between the behaviour disorders and the menarcheal status: the menarche girls scored higher than the others to the CDI and internalising and externalising disorders. Then, we have studied whether the family structure modified the statistical effect of the menarcheal status on score disorders. Depending on the type of disorder being assessed, the family structure and menarcheal status act differently: either additively on the SDQ adolescent questionnaire or interactively on the CDI.MONTPELLIER-BU Lettres (341722103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Sex and performance level effects on brain activation during a verbal fluency task: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

International audienceNeuroimaging studies investigating the neural correlates of verbal fluency (VF) focused on sex differences without taking into account behavioural variation. Nevertheless, group differences in this verbal ability might account for neurocognitive differences elicited between men and women. The aim of this study was to test sex and performance level effects and the combination of these on cerebral activation. Four samples of 11 healthy Students (N = 44) selected on the basis of sex and contrasted VF scores, high fluency (HF) versus low fluency (LF), performed a covert phonological VF task during scans. Within-nd between-group analyses were conducted. Consistent with previous studies, for each sample, the whole-group analysis reported activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial frontal gyrus (mFG), superior (SPL) and inferior parietal lobules (IPL), inferior visual areas, cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia. Between-group analyses showed an interaction between sexes and performances in the right precuneus, left ACC, right IFG and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). HF men showed more activation than LF ones in the right precuneus and left dlPFC. LF men showed more activation in the right IFG than HF ones and LF women elicited more activation in the left ACC than HF ones. A sex main effect was found regardless of performance in the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), cerebellum, anterior and posterior cingulate cortexes and in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and dlPFC, lingual gyrus and ACC, with men eliciting significantly greater activations than women. A performance main effect was found for the left ACC and the left cerebellum regardless of sex. LF subjects had stronger activations than HF ones in the ACC whereas HF subjects showed stronger activations in the cerebellum. Activity in three discrete subregions of the ACC is related to sex, performance and their interaction, respectively. Our findings emphasize the need to consider sex and performance level in functional imaging studies of VF. (c) 2007 Elsevier Srl. All rights reserved

Detection of an eosinophil derived neurotoxin in the urine of a patient with idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

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The use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Southern European countries

This paper reports a selection of completed or ongoing studies that have evaluated or applied the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in five countries of Southern Europe: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Croatia, and France. In Italy, the SDQ has been used to study its concurrent validity with other norm-based instruments (Child Behavior Checklist—CBCL and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale—DBDRS), to assess the efficacy of a behavioural school training, and as part of an epidemiological study. In Spain, the SDQ was used to analyse the association between respiratory and other behavioural problems. In Portugal and Croatia, psychometric properties of the three versions of the SDQ (parent, teacher, and self-reports) were investigated in samples of children ranging from 5 to 16 years. Past and ongoing studies in France have administered the SDQ to estimate inter-rater agreement between parents, teachers, and pupils, to carry out a largescale epidemiological study, and to evaluate the efficacy of a parent training programme. In a second section, scale means obtained with the teacher version of the SDQ in three community-based samples of 7–8 year-old children from Italy, Portugal, and Spain are compared. The results show that, according to their teachers’ ratings, Italian pupils showed less prosocial behaviour than their Spanish and Portuguese agemates, whereas the Portuguese children were rated as being more hyperactive and inattentive than comparable Italian and Spanish children. Possible causes underlying the observed differences between national SDQ means are discussed

International comparisons of emotionally reactive problems in preschoolers : CBCL/11/2-5 findings from 21 societies

Our goal was to conduct international comparisons of emotion regulation using the 9-item Emotionally Reactive (ER) syndrome of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 11/2-5. We analyzed parent ratings for 17,964 preschoolers from 21 societies, which were grouped into 8 GLOBE study culture clusters (e.g., Nordic, Confucian Asian). Omnicultural broad base rates for ER items ranged from 8.0% to 38.8%. Rank ordering for mean item ratings varied widely across societies (omnicultural Q = .50) but less so across culture clusters (M Q = .66). Societal similarity in mean item rank ordering varied by culture cluster, with large within-cluster similarity for Anglo (Q = .96), Latin Europe (Q = .74), Germanic (Q = .77), and Latin American (Q = .76) clusters, but smaller within-cluster similarity for Nordic, Eastern Europe, and Confucian Asian clusters (Qs = .52, .23, and .44, respectively). Confirmatory factor analyses of the ER syndrome supported configural invariance for all 21 societies. All 9 items showed full to approximate metric invariance, but only 3 items showed approximate scalar invariance. The ER syndrome correlated . 65 with the Anxious/Depressed (A/D) syndrome and .63 with the Aggressive Behavior syndrome. ER items varied in base rates and factor loadings, and societies varied in rank ordering of items as low, medium, or high in mean ratings. Item rank order similarity among societies in the same culture cluster varied widely across culture clusters, suggesting the importance of cultural factors in the assessment of emotion regulation in preschoolers

International comparisons of emotionally reactive problems in preschoolers: CBCL/11/2-5 findings from 21 societies

Our goal was to conduct international comparisons of emotion regulation using the 9-item Emotionally Reactive (ER) syndrome of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 11/2-5. We analyzed parent ratings for 17,964 preschoolers from 21 societies, which were grouped into 8 GLOBE study culture clusters (e.g., Nordic, Confucian Asian). Omnicultural broad base rates for ER items ranged from 8.0% to 38.8%. Rank ordering for mean item ratings varied widely across societies (omnicultural Q = .50) but less so across culture clusters (M Q = .66). Societal similarity in mean item rank ordering varied by culture cluster, with large within-cluster similarity for Anglo (Q = .96), Latin Europe (Q = .74), Germanic (Q = .77), and Latin American (Q = .76) clusters, but smaller within-cluster similarity for Nordic, Eastern Europe, and Confucian Asian clusters (Qs = .52, .23, and .44, respectively). Confirmatory factor analyses of the ER syndrome supported configural invariance for all 21 societies. All 9 items showed full to approximate metric invariance, but only 3 items showed approximate scalar invariance. The ER syndrome correlated . 65 with the Anxious/Depressed (A/D) syndrome and .63 with the Aggressive Behavior syndrome. ER items varied in base rates and factor loadings, and societies varied in rank ordering of items as low, medium, or high in mean ratings. Item rank order similarity among societies in the same culture cluster varied widely across culture clusters, suggesting the importance of cultural factors in the assessment of emotion regulation in preschoolers