Consistent regulatory and self-regulatory mechanisms for media freedom in the Digital Single Market : the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) as meta-regulation

This paper discusses how technology convergence is affecting the regulatory landscape of media freedom and media pluralism in Europe and draws relevant policy recommendations on its future development in light of the forthcoming proposal for a European Media Freedom Act

Presentación. Razón práctica en la Ilustración escocesa

Recent scholarship on the Scottish Enlightenment has drawn our attention to the connection between moral philosophy and social sciences. As privileged witnesses of the process of modernization, the Scottish philosophers developed original approaches to moral issues, thereby raising epistemological questions too which are crucial to understand the development of social sciences. At the basis of these epistemological issues stands the reference to practical reason which gives title to this volume

Do too many cooks spoil the broth? : how EU law underenforcement allows TikTok’s violations of minors’ rights

Published online: 17 July 2023For some time already, there have been concerns about TikTok’s business practices and their compliance with EU law. Different market investigations found out that TikTok’s Terms of Service do not comply with the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive or the Consumers Rights Directive, and that they also infringe the General Data Protection Regulation and the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. This is particularly problematic considering that many children, a vulnerable category under the applicable law, use TikTok on a daily basis, which intensifies the severity of the infringements. Although the protection of minors is one of the policy objectives of the EU, this article argues that the enforcement structure is deficient. In view of TikTok’s practices infringing EU law, the European Consumer Organization, BEUC, called for an EU-level coordinated action to the European Commission and national authorities to request TikTok to align its practices with EU consumer law under the Consumer Protection Cooperation (CPC) Regulation. However, the developments following BEUC’s call for action revealed that the CPC Regulation is not sufficiently effective. Ultimately, the ongoing problems and the seemingly lenient interpretation and application of the CPC Regulation by EU authorities that allow the continuation of TikTok’s identified abusive and misleading practices provide evidence that the institutional apparatus for an EU-wide action for enforcement of consumer and data protection law is failing to deliver. This article provides a practical account of these developments and argues that “too many cooks spoil the broth”—i.e., that the plethora of rules, organizations, and procedures involved in enforcement paradoxically lead to the ineffectiveness of EU law. The paper takes the reconstruction of TikTok as a blueprint for discussing various options on how the existing enforcement structure of EU law in general, and CPC in particular, could and should be improved in light of the entry into application of the Digital Services Act.This article was published Open Access with the support from the EUI Library through the CRUI - Springer Transformative Agreement (2020-2024)

Diseño de un plan de actuaciones para prevenir el trastorno de la coordinación motora en Educación Infantil.

El Trastorno de la Coordinación Motora es un trastorno poco común en las aulas que afecta al 5-6% de los niños, siendo difícil de detectarse y sufriendo consecuencias a nivel motor. En el presente trabajo, se pretende diseñar una intervención para prevenir el Trastorno de la Coordinación Motora, y dar respuesta a las necesidades especiales que se encuentran en las aulas. Para ello, se ha investigado y analizado diferentes fuentes, que han permitido diseñar una propuesta educativa en un aula de 4 años, en el segundo ciclo de infantil, centrada en trabajar, mejorar y prevenir el Trastorno de la Coordinación Motora, en el caso específico de un niño de dicha aula, diagnosticado como alumno con necesidades educativas especiales (ACNEAE). Con dichas actuaciones se pretende mejorar las dificultades que presenta el niño tanto a nivel educativo como personal. Tras la realización de esas actividades se realizará un análisis de los resultados obtenidos y se ejecutan planes de mejoras centradas en la superación de las dificultades detectadas.Grado en Educación Infanti

Functional validation of mouse tyrosinase non-coding regulatory DNA elements by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutagenesis

Newly developed genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, allow simple and rapid genetic modification in most model organisms and human cell lines. Here, we report the production and analysis of mice carrying the inactivation via deletion of a genomic insulator, a key non-coding regulatory DNA element found 5′ upstream of the mouse tyrosinase (Tyr) gene. Targeting sequences flanking this boundary in mouse fertilized eggs resulted in the efficient deletion or inversion of large intervening DNA fragments delineated by the RNA guides. The resulting genome-edited mice showed a dramatic decrease in Tyr gene expression as inferred from the evident decrease of coat pigmentation, thus supporting the functionality of this boundary sequence in vivo, at the endogenous locus. Several potential off-targets bearing sequence similarity with each of the two RNA guides used were analyzed and found to be largely intact. This study reports how non-coding DNA elements, even if located in repeat-rich genomic sequences, can be efficiently and functionally evaluated in vivo and, furthermore, it illustrates how the regulatory elements described by the ENCODE and EPIGENOME projects, in the mouse and human genomes, can be systematically validate

Effect of inoculum age on kinetic of biomass formation and phenolic accumulations in Larrea divaricata Cav. cell suspension culture

This work focuses on the analysis of the effect of inoculum age on the kinetic of biomass formation and phenolic accumulation in Larrea divaricata Cav. cell suspension culture. L. divaricata plant cell cultures (callus and cell suspension culture) successfully produce interesting phenolic compounds, being the main the lignan Nordihydroguaiaretic acid. The findings revealed that the inoculum age is an important factor on the kinetic biomass formation and phenolic compounds production in L. divaricata cell suspension culture. Four to seven month - inoculum age were suitable to establishment cell suspension culture, not only for biomass but also for the phenolic compounds production. On the contrary, when the age of the callus was over eighth month, no stimulation of phenolic compounds biosynthesis was observed.Fil: Palacio, Lorena. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cantero, Juan Jose. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Cusido, Rosa. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Goleniowski, Marta Ester. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Effect of inoculum age on kinetic of biomass formation and phenolic accumulations in Larrea divaricata Cav. cell suspension culture

This work focuses on the analysis of the effect of inoculum age on the kinetic of biomass formation and phenolic accumulation in Larrea divaricata Cav. cell suspension culture. L. divaricata plant cell cultures (callus and cell suspension culture) successfully produce interesting phenolic compounds, being the main the lignan Nordihydroguaiaretic acid. The findings revealed that the inoculum age is an important factor on the kinetic biomass formation and phenolic compounds production in L. divaricata cell suspension culture. Four to seven month - inoculum age were suitable to establishment cell suspension culture, not only for biomass but also for the phenolic compounds production. On the contrary, when the age of the callus was over eighth month, no stimulation of phenolic compounds biosynthesis was observed.Fil: Palacio, Lorena. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cantero, Juan Jose. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Cusido, Rosa. Universidad de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Goleniowski, Marta Ester. Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Algorithms, rule of law, and the future of justice : implications in the Estonian justice system

This policy brief outlines the prospects, challenges, and potential directions for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the judiciary, using Estonia as a case study. It summarises various perspectives on the use of technology and especially AI in the justice sector drawing on the experience of Estonian judges, administrators, and academics. It further offers policy recommendations for the development, implementation, and use of AI tools and automated decision making (ADM) systems in the judiciary. This policy brief is based on a recent seminar with key stakeholders including Estonian judges and academics held in Tartu (Estonia) on March 24, 2023. Despite the rapid digital transformation of the Estonian public administration, the digitalisation of its judiciary has been slower due to resistance from stakeholders, technical challenges, and concerns over the ethical implications of AI in judicial decision-making

Gender inequality and violence against women in Spain, 2006-2014: towards a civilized society

ABSTRACT. Objective: Considering both the economic crisis of 2008 and the Gender Equality Law (2007), this study analyses the association between gender inequality in Spanish Autonomous Communities (AC) and intimate partner violence (IPV) from 2006 to 2014 in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: Ecological study in the 17 Spanish AC on the correlation between the reported cases by IPV and deaths and the Gender Inequality Index and its dimensions: empowerment, participation in the labour market and adolescent birth rates; and their correlation with Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET). Results: In 2006, IPV mortality rates were higher in autonomous communities with greater gender inequality than AC with more equality (4.1 vs. 2.5 × 106 women >14 years), as were reporting rates of IPV (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.47-1.50). In 2014, the IPV mortality rates in AC with greater gender inequality fell to just below the mortality rates in AC with more gender equality (2.5 vs. 2.7 × 106 women >14 years). Rates of IPV reports also decreased (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.20-1.23). Adolescent birth rates were most associated with IPV reports, which were also associated with the burden of NEET by AC ( 2006 = 0.494, 2014 = 0.615). Conclusion: Gender-sensitive policies may serve as a platform for reduced mortality and reports of IPV in Spain, particularly in AC with more gender inequality. A reduction of NEET may reduce adolescent birth rates and in turn IPV rates.RESUMEN. Objetivo: Considerando la crisis económica de 2008 y la Ley de igualdad entre hombres y mujeres (2007), se analiza la asociación entre la desigualdad de género de las comunidades autónomas (CCAA) españolas con la violencia del compañero íntimo (VCI) en 2006 y 2014, respecto a características sociodemográficas. Métodos: Estudio ecológico en las 17 CCAA sobre la asociación entre las muertes y denuncias por VCI y el Índice de Desigualdad de Género y sus dimensiones: empoderamiento, participación en el mercado laboral y tasas de fecundidad de adolescentes; y su asociación con jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan. Resultados: En 2006, las CCAA con mayor desigualdad de género sufrieron tasas de mortalidad por VCI superiores que las de mayor igualdad (4,1 frente a 2,5 × 106 mujeres >14 años), y también las denuncias fueron más (odds ratio [OR]: 1,49; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,47-1,50). En 2014, disminuyeron las tasas de mortalidad por VCI en las CCAA con mayor desigualdad de género, situándose ligeramente por debajo de las de más igualdad (2,5 frente a 2,7 × 106 mujeres >14 años). Las denuncias también disminuyeron (OR: 1,22; IC95%: 1,20-1,23). La fecundidad de las adolescentes es la dimensión más asociada con las denuncias por VCI, asociadas al porcentaje de jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan por CCAA ( 2006 = 0,494, 2014 = 0,615). Conclusión: Las políticas con perspectiva de género pueden ser la base de la reducción de la mortalidad y de las denuncias por VCI en España, y aún más en las CCAA con más desigualdad de género. Reducir la cantidad de jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan puede disminuir la fecundidad adolescente y los índices de VCI

Être soi-même. Repenser l’autonomie et la responsabilité en tant que coordonnées de l’éducation actuelle

Uno de los objetivos clave de la educación del siglo xxi es la formación en la autonomía y la responsabilidad. La primera, como garantía de la configuración de la identidad de cada individuo que conlleva, a su vez, un compromiso ante uno mismo, ante los otros y lo otro. La segunda, como respuesta a nuestra capacidad de comprometernos. Para ello será necesario sumergirnos, en primer lugar, en los conceptos de individualidad y libertad, ejes del despertar del sujeto y del desarrollo de su identidad. En segundo lugar, plantear los derechos y deberes de toda persona en cualquier escenario de interacción, puntos de referencia permanentes, para abordar, en tercer lugar, la responsabilidad, clave para la construcción de la identidad moral de cada individuo. En definitiva, formar a cada uno para que sea capaz de vivir conforme a su propia identidad, comprometido con un proyecto vital común con los otros y lo otro, en un mundo donde múltiples miradas son posibles.One of the main goals of education in the 21st Century is developing students’ autonomy and responsibility. The first is to guarantee the shaping of each individual’s identity, which at the same time entails a pledge to one’s self, to others and to the surrounding reality. The second is in response to our ability to make commitments. To this end we must first immerse ourselves in the concepts of individuality and freedom, which are at the heart of the subject’s awakening and the development of his or her identity. Second, we must outline to all people their rights and duties which will act as permanent reference points that are valid for any situation of interaction. This will finally allow us to address the idea of responsibility, a key factor in forming the moral identity of each individual. In short, the idea is to shape people so that they can live in accordance with their own identity and make a commitment to a common future with other people and other issues and realities, in a world where multiple viewpoints are possible.L’un des objectifs clés de l’éducation du xxie siècle est la formation dans l’autonomie et la responsabilité. La première, comme une garantie de la configuration de l’identité de chaque individu qui entraîne à son tour, un engagement face à soi-même. La seconde comme une réponse à notre capacité de nous engager. Pour cela, il est nécessaire, en premier lieu, de nous immerger dans les concepts de l’individualité et de la liberté, axes du réveil du sujet et du développement de son identité. En deuxième lieu, établir les droits et devoirs de toute personne dans n’importe quel scénario d’interaction, points de référence permanents, pour aborder, en troisième lieu, la responsabilité, clé pour la construction de l’identité morale de chaque individu. En définitive, former chacun pour qu’il soit capable de vivre conformément à sa propre identité, engagé dans un projet vital commun avec les autres et l’autre dans un monde où plusieurs regards sont possibles