236 research outputs found

    Gender bias in the language of the health questionnaire of the Spanish National Health Survey 2003

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    Para identificar la posible existencia de sesgos de género en el lenguaje del cuestionario de Adultos y del cuestionario de Hogar de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de 2003, se analiza su lenguaje/estilo respecto a generalizaciones imprecisas, desigualdad de trato por uso de términos que reflejan estereotipos sociales y ocultan desigualdad de roles sociales y discordancia gramatical de género. Se evidencia la presencia de sesgos lingüísticos en su mayoría de tipo léxico, pues ambos cuestionarios utilizan el masculino singular refiriéndose al conjunto de informantes (p. ej., cuidador, empleador, trabajador, médico, entrevistado o entrevistador). También se observan estereotipos de género cuando al utilizar el término «cuidador» se hace referencia a mujeres para este rol, o se ejemplifica la profesión con ocupaciones clásicamente masculinas. Igualmente, cuando se juntan parentescos masculinos/femeninos (p. ej., hermano/a) en la misma categoría se ocultan desigualdades de género respecto a roles sociales. Se concluye que las mujeres están menos presentes formalmente que los hombres en la ENS de 2003. Esta experiencia puede contribuir a observar y eliminar sesgos de género del lenguaje en otros cuestionarios.To identify possible gender bias in the language of the adults’ and children’s questionnaires of the Spanish National Health Survey, 2003, its style and language was analyzed for inaccurate generalizations, inequalities due to the use of terms that reflect social stereotypes and hide unequal social roles, and grammatical gender disagreement. Both questionnaires show language bias, mainly lexical, as they use masculine singular nouns to refer to all individuals (for example, carer, employer, worker, doctor, interviewer, interviewee). Gender stereotypes are reinforced by the use of the term «carer», referring to women, and by examples of jobs traditionally done by men. Equally, specific sex denomination for relatives in the same category such as brother/sister is lacking, despite the distinct social roles played by women and men. In conclusion, women are less visible than men in the Spanish National Health Survey, 2003. This study could contribute to the identification and elimination of gender bias in the language of other questionnaires.Instituto de la Mujer

    Programas de Vacunación y Sistemas de Información

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    Incluye PDF de la presentación del seminario.Los Sistemas de Información de Vacunación en España: una perspectiva temporal (SIVAMIN). La pandemia COVID: el primer registro de vacunación nacional (REGVACU). El Sistema de Información de Vacunaciones e Inmunizaciones en España (SIVAIN).N

    Sesgos de género en el lenguaje de los cuestionarios de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2003

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    ResumenPara identificar la posible existencia de sesgos de género en el lenguaje del cuestionario de Adultos y del cuestionario de Hogar de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de 2003, se analiza su lenguaje/estilo respecto a generalizaciones imprecisas, desigualdad de trato por uso de términos que reflejan estereotipos sociales y ocultan desigualdad de roles socials y discordancia gramatical de género. Se evidencia la presencia de sesgos lingüísticos en su mayoría de tipo léxico, pues ambos cuestionarios utilizan el masculino singular refiriéndose al conjunto de informantes (p. ej., cuidador, empleador, trabajador, médico, entrevistado o entrevistador). También se observan estereotipos de género cuando al utilizar el término «cuidador» se hace referencia a mujeres para este rol, o se ejemplifica la profesión con ocupaciones clásicamente masculinas. Igualmente, cuando se juntan parentescos masculinos/ femeninos (p. ej., hermano/a) en la misma categoría se ocultan desigualdades de género respecto a roles sociales. Se concluye que las mujeres están menos presentes formalmente que los hombres en la ENS de 2003. Esta experiencia puede contribuir a observar y eliminar sesgos de género del lenguaje en otros cuestionarios.AbstractTo identify possible gender bias in the language of the adults’ and children’s questionnaires of the Spanish National Health Survey, 2003, its style and language was analyzed for inaccurate generalizations, inequalities due to the use of terms that reflect social stereotypes and hide unequal social roles, and grammatical gender disagreement. Both questionnaires show language bias, mainly lexical, as they use masculine singular nouns to refer to all individuals (for example, carer, employer, worker, doctor, interviewer, interviewee). Gender stereotypes are reinforced by the use of the term «carer», referring to women, and by examples of jobs traditionally done by men. Equally, specific sex denomination for relatives in the same category such as brother/sister is lacking, despite the distinct social roles played by women and men. In conclusion, women are less visible than men in the Spanish National Health Survey, 2003. This study could contribute to the identification and elimination of gender bias in the language of other questionnaires

    Effect of Variety and Climatic Seasonality on Soil Intracellular Enzymatic Activities in Coffee Agroforestry Systems

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    Most soil physicochemical parameters do not respond immediately to changes in management when compared to microbiological and biochemical ones; the study of biological and biochemical quality of soils can serve as indicators of their general condition. Enzymatic activities are important in the biochemical functioning of soils. In this work, the activity of three intracellular enzymes of the soil was evaluated: dehydrogenase activity, florescein diacetate hydrolysis and arginine deaminase, its seasonal fluctuation and the effect of two coffee varieties Caturra and Catuaí on an agroforestry system. The soil samples were taken during the dry and rainy seasons in two contiguous plots sown with the two coffee varieties and in each one a non-systematic zigzag sampling was carried out. The physical, chemical properties and intracellular enzymatic activities of the soil were determined by the classical methods of analysis and following standard protocols. It was observed that the dehydrogenase activity and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate had greater activity in the rainy season regardless of the variety, whereas arginine deaminase showed more activity in the dry season and for the Caturra variety. The intracellular enzymatic activities showed sensitivity to the changes during the sampling period, in soils planted with coffee varieties Caturra and Catuaí

    Continuous multi-criteria methods for crop and soil conservation planning on La Colacha (Río Cuarto, Province of Cordoba, Argentina)

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    Agro-areas of Arroyos Menores (La Colacha) west and south of Rand south of R?o Cuarto (Prov. of Cordoba, Argentina) basins are very fertile but have high soil loses. Extreme rain events, inundations and other severe erosions forming gullies demand urgently actions in this area to avoid soil degradation and erosion supporting good levels of agro production. The authors first improved hydrologic data on La Colacha, evaluated the systems of soil uses and actions that could be recommended considering the relevant aspects of the study area and applied decision support systems (DSS) with mathematic tools for planning of defences and uses of soils in these areas. These were conducted here using multi-criteria models, in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM); first of discrete MCDM to chose among global types of use of soils, and then of continuous MCDM to evaluate and optimize combined actions, including repartition of soil use and the necessary levels of works for soil conservation and for hydraulic management to conserve against erosion these basins. Relatively global solutions for La Colacha area have been defined and were optimised by Linear Programming in Goal Programming forms that are presented as Weighted or Lexicographic Goal Programming and as Compromise Programming. The decision methods used are described, indicating algorithms used, and examples for some representative scenarios on La Colacha area are given

    Efecto del ácido 1-naftalenacético sobre algunos componentes de rendimiento en yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) variedad MCol 2066

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      Cassava roots are used in human and animal feeding, either as fresh or industrially transformed roots. In some countries and Colombian areas, the increase in production is limited, as there is insufficient technology and knowledge to contribute to the current demand for cassava. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-naphthalenacetic acid on some yield variables of cassava variety MCol 2066 (chirosa), by applying three immersion times (5, 10, 20 min) in four concentrations of 1-naphthalenacetic acid (0, 100, 200, 300 ppm). Data were collected 240 days after planting. The percentage variables of starch, dry matter, and fresh root mass had significant differences between treatments. The highest values were observed in the treatment at 20 min of immersion in 200 ppm of 1-naphthalenacetic acid for variables, starch (45.56%), dry matter (51.6%), and fresh mass (73.270 kg/ha). Under the conditions of the study the aforementioned treatment was the best inducer to increase the yield of the cassava cropLas raíces de yuca se usan en la alimentación humana y animal, como raíces frescas o transformadas industrialmente. En algunos países y zonas colombianas el aumento en la producción se ve limitado, debido a que no se cuenta con la tecnología y conocimientos suficientes para contribuir a la demanda actual de yuca. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del ácido 1-naftalenacético sobre algunas variables de rendimiento de yuca variedad MCol 2066 (chirosa), mediante la aplicación de tres tiempos de inmersión (5, 10, 20 min) en cuatro concentraciones de ácido 1-naftalenacético (0, 100, 200, 300 ppm). Los datos se colectaron a los 240 días después de la siembra. Las variables porcentaje de almidón, materia seca, y masa fresca de raíces, presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Los valores más altos se observaron en el tratamiento a 20 min de inmersión en 200 ppm de ácido 1-naftalenacético para las variables, almidón (45,56%), materia seca (51,6%), y masa fresca (73.270 kg/ha). A las condiciones del estudio el tratamiento en mención fue el mejor inductor para aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo de yuca

    Overexpression of the nitroreductase NfsB in an E. coli strain as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the production of chlorinated analogues of the natural herbicide DIBOA

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    Los ácidos benzohidroxámicos, como el DIBOA (2,4-dihidroxi-2 H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4 H)-ona), son productos vegetales que presentan interesantes propiedades herbicidas, fungicidas y bactericidas. Una alternativa viable a su purificación a partir de fuentes naturales es la síntesis de compuestos análogos como el D-DIBOA (2-deoxi-DIBOA) y sus derivados clorados. Su síntesis química se ha simplificado en dos pasos. Sin embargo, el segundo paso es una reacción exotérmica e implica la liberación de hidrógeno, lo que hace que esta metodología sea cara y difícil de ampliar. En el presente estudio se estudia la posibilidad de producir los derivados clorados de las benzoxazinonas mediante un proceso biocatalítico in vivo que utiliza la capacidad de la cepa de E. coli nfsB-/pBAD-NfsB modificada para catalizar la síntesis de 6-Cl- D-DIBOA y 8-Cl- D-DIBOA a partir de sus respectivos precursores (PCs). Los resultados muestran que esta cepa es capaz de crecer en medios que contienen estos compuestos y producir el producto de biotransformación con unos rendimientos del 59,3% y el 46,7%. respectivamente. Además, la cepa es capaz de procesarel precursor (PC) no purificados del primer paso químico para obtener rendimientos similares a los obtenidos a partir del PC purificado. Se estudió la cinética de la reacción in in vitro con la nitrorreductasa NfsB recombinante purificada para caracterizar la catálisis y evaluar los efectos que varios componentes del precursor no purificado tiene durante el proceso de síntesis. Los resultados revelaron que la cinética es la de una enzima alostérica. El efecto inhibitorio del sustrato en el primer paso de la síntesis química, se encuentra también en algunas etapas previas a la purificación del precursor

    Epidemiología y clínica de las infecciones y colonizaciones causadas por enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas en un hospital de tercer nivel

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    Objective. To describe the epidemiology of Enterobactera-les producing carbapenemases (EPC) in a tertiary hospital. Material and methods. A retrospective observational study, all patients with a positive sample for EPC treated in hospitalization or in the Emergency Department were included, between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016. Results. A total of 272 patients (316 samples) were in-cluded: 155 (57%) male. Mean age of 70.4 years (95% CI 68.2-72.7). Mean Charlson index was 3.6 (95% CI 3.4-3.8). In 63.2% the acquisition was nosocomial, in 35.3% it was health-care associated (HA). 55.1% presented infection, the most frequent infection was urinary tract infection (UTI) (58.7%). The most frequent species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (62.7%) and Enterobacter cloacae (10.1%). The most frequent types of carbapenemase were OXA-48 (53.8%) and VIM (43%). The nosocomial acquisition was associated with the male gender, transplantation, immunosuppression, admission to the Intensi-ve Care Unit (ICU) or surgical service, prior antibiotic treatment, Enterobacter, VIM, respiratory and intra-abdominal infections. The HA acquisition was associated with age and comorbidity, nursery home origin, bladder catheterization, greater number of outpatient procedures, previous hospital admission, K. pneu-moniae and E. coli, OXA-48, coproduction of extended spectrum betalactamases, UTI and sepsis. Conclusions. Patients who acquire EPC in nursery homes frequently have an infection. Patients with nosocomial acquisition are colonized by EPC in the ICU, in relation to invasive procedures and transplantation. This population has a higher mortality due to developing respiratory infections by EPC
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