Memory-guided saccades in youth-onset psychosis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Aim : Working memory deficits have been shown to be present in children and adolescents with schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Considering the differences in clinical characteristics between these disorders, it was the goal of this study to assess differences in the specific components of working memory in children and adolescents with psychosis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods : Children and adolescents with either a non-affective psychotic disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and controls were administered an oculomotor delayed-response task using both a recall and a control condition. Memory-guided saccades were measured during delay periods of 2, 8 and 20 s. Results : Although both clinical groups were less accurate than controls, there was no evidence of a disproportionate impairment in recall. In addition, there was no evidence of a delay-dependent impairment in psychosis; however, there was a delay-dependent impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder when corrective saccades were included. Speed of information processing was correlated with distance errors in psychosis, suggesting that speed of encoding the stimulus location may have constrained the accuracy of the saccades. Conclusions : Our findings support impairments during encoding in the psychosis group and a delay-dependent deficit in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group

Data for Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Scoping Review of Measures and Methods I: Definitions

The file "rayyan articles" is a spreadsheet of all the articles that were screened to determine whether they were eligible for the literature review. The file includes the decisions to include or exclude as well as reasons for inclusion. The file "Consensus data for the ACEs lit review_Paper 1" contains the consensus decisions on the set of variables included in the first paper. The "Lit_reviewR" file contains the same data in a CSV format, and is read in to the R script used for data analysis, "Data_analyses_ACEs_lit_review_Paper1.R". The "Journals" file contains a list of all the journals the eligible articles were published in . We also uploaded the Method section of the paper, which is necessary for replicating the study. The study was conducted in Minnesota, and all co-authors are affiliated with the University of Minnesota.The items included in this depository are the materials needed to replicate the methodology and results of the first paper based on a scoping review of research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).Non

Limbic Structures and Networks in Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia

Studies of adults with schizophrenia provide converging evidence for abnormalities in the limbic system. Limbic structures that show consistent patient/control differences in both postmortem and neuroimaging studies include the anterior cingulate and hippocampus, although differences in the amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and fornix have also been observed. Studies of white matter in children and adolescents with schizophrenia tend to show findings that are more focal than those seen in adults. Interestingly, these focal abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia tend to be more localized to limbic regions. While it is unclear if these early limbic abnormalities are primary in the etiology of schizophrenia, there is evidence that supports a developmental progression with early limbic abnormalities evolving over time to match the neuroimaging profiles seen in adults with schizophrenia. Alternatively, the aberrations in limbic structures may be secondary to a more widespread or global pathological processes occurring with the brain that disrupt neural transmission. The goal of this article is to provide a review of the limbic system and limbic network abnormalities reported in children and adolescents with schizophrenia. These findings are compared with the adult literature and placed within a developmental context. These observations from neuroimaging studies enrich our current understanding of the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and raise further questions about primary vs secondary processes. Additional research within a developmental framework is necessary to determine the putative etiologic roles for limbic and other brain abnormalities in early-onset schizophrenia