Alternativas de secuestro de carbono orgánico en suelos y biomasa de Galicia

Se realiza una revisión de la capacidad de secuestro de Carbono por los suelos y biomasa de Galicia discutiendo posibles alternativas y poniendo de manifiesto su importancia ambiental y económica

Suitability of Different Agricultural and Urban Organic Wastes as Feedstocks for the Production of Biochar—Part 1: Physicochemical Characterisation

Biochar is traditionally made from clean lignocellulosic or waste materials that create no competition for land use. In this paper, the suitability of alternative feedstocks of agricultural and urban origins are explored. A range of biochars was produced from holm oak and a selection of organic wastes, such as greenhouse wastes, greenwastes, a cellulosic urban waste, municipal press cake and pig manure. They were characterized and assessed for their potential agricultural use. The physicochemical properties of biochars were mainly driven by the characteristics of feedstocks and the pyrolysis temperature. The use of pre-treated lignocellulosic residues led to biochars with a high concentration of ash, macro and micronutrients, whereas raw lignocellulosic residues produced biochars with characteristics similar to traditional wood biochars. All biochars were found to be suitable for agricultural use according to the international standards for the use of biochars as soil amendments, with the exception of a biochar from urban origin, which presented high levels of Cr and Pb. The use of these biochars as soil amendments requires a thorough agronomical evaluation to assess their impact on soil biogeochemical cycles and plant growth

Carbono orgânico nos solos do norte de Espanha (Galiza, Astúrias, Cantabria e País Basco)

The soil organic carbon content was analyzed in more than 7 000 soil samples under different land uses, climates and lithologies from northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, Cantábria y País Vasco). GIS maps (1:50 000) were made of the % SOC and SOC stocks. The % SOC varies according to land use (higher in forest and scrub soils and lower in agricultural soils) and climate, and there is a highly significant correlation between SOC content and mean annual precipitation. There are significant differences between the soils of Galicia/Western Asturias (GAw) and those of the rest of the study area (Central and Eastern Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco) (AceCV), although these are neighbouring regions. In forest and/or scrub soils with a udic soil moisture regime, in GAw, the SOC is usually > 7% and the average stocks 260 t ha -1 (0-30 cm), and >340 t ha-1 (0-50 cm) in soils with thick organic matter rich horizons (> 40 cm); these values greatly exceed the average contents observed in forest soils from temperate zones. Under similar conditions of vegetation and climate in soils of AceCV the SOC average is 3% and the mean stocks 90-100 t ha-1 (0-30 cm). The andic character of acid forest soils in GAw and the formation of C-Al,Fe complexes are pointed out as the SOC stabilization mechanism, in contrast to the neutral and calcareous soils that predominate in AceCV, where the main species of OC are easily biodegradable.Se analiza el contenido de carbono orgánico (CO) en más de 7.000 muestras de suelos del norte de España (Galicia, Asturias, Cantábria y País Vasco) bajo diferentes tipos de ocupación, condiciones climáticas y litología, y se elaboran mapas SIG (1:50 000) del porcentaje y stock de carbono en los suelos. El porcentaje de CO varía de acuerdo al uso del suelo (mayor en suelos forestales y con matorral, y menor en suelos de cultivo) y al clima, reconociéndose una correlación altamente significativa entre el porcentaje de CO y la precipitación media anual. En cualquier caso, aún tratándose de regiones próximas, se establecen diferencias importantes entre los suelos de Galicia-oeste de Asturias (G/Ao ) y los del resto del área de estudio (Asturias central y oriental, Cantabria y País Vasco) (AceCV). En suelos forestales y/o con matorral y régimen de humedad údico, en G/Ao , el porcentaje de CO es habitualmente > 7% y el stock medio 260 tC ha-1 (0-30 cm) y puede ser > 340 tC ha-1 (0-50 cm), teniendo en cuenta la abundancia de suelos con rasgos cumúlicos y horizontes humíferos con > 40 cm de espesor; los valores obtenidos superan ampliamente los contenidos medios señalados por diferentes autores para suelos forestales de áreas templadas. En similares condiciones de vegetación y clima, el contenido medio de CO en suelos de (AceCV) es de 3% y el stock medio 90-100 tC ha-1 (0-30 cm). El carácter ándico de los suelos forestales ácidos de G/Ao, y la formación de complejos C-Al,Fe se señala como mecanismo de estabilización del CO, en contraste con los suelos neutros y calcáreos que predominan en AceCV, en los que la especie principal es el CO fácilmente biodegradable.Analisou-se o teor de carbono orgânico en mais de 7.000 amostras de solo do norte de Espanha (Galiza, Astúrias, Cantábria e País Basco), sob diferentes usos, condições climáticas e litologias, e procedeu-se ao mapeamento SIG (1:50 000) da percentagem e stock de carbono nos solos. A percentagem de CO varia de acordo com o uso do solo (maior em solos de floresta e mata e menor em solos agrícolas) e condições climáticas, observando-se uma correlação altamente significativa entre a percentagem de CO e a precipitação média anual. Em qualquer caso, mesmo para regiões vizinhas, registam-se diferenças significativas entre os solos da Galiza-oeste e das Astúrias (G/Ao) e o resto da área em estudo (Astúrias central e oriental, Cantabria e País Basco) (AceCV). Em solos de floresta e/ou de mata e regime de humidade údico, em G/Ao, a percentagem de CO é geralmente > 7% e o stock médio 260 t C ha-1(0-30 cm), e > 340 t C ha-1 (0-50 cm) em solos com espessos horizontes ricos em matéria orgânica (> 40 cm); estes valores excedem largamente os teores médios observados em solos florestais de zonas temperadas. Em condições semelhantes de vegetação e clima, em solos de AceCV, o teor médio de CO é de 3% e o stock médio de 90-100 t C ha-1 (0-30 cm). O carácter andico dos solos florestais ácidos da Galiza, e a formação do complexos C-Al,Fe são apontados como o mecanismo de estabilização do CO, em contraste com os solos neutros e calcários prevalecentes em AceCV, onde a espécie predominante é o CO facilmente biodegradável.This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, National Plan I+D, through project CGL2009-13857S

Regional Assessment of Soil Change in the Southwest Pacific

The Southwest Pacific region includes the 22 island nations of the Pacific1, New Zealand and Australia (Figure 15.1). The landscapes of the region are very diverse ranging from a large continental land mass through to tens of thousands of small islands across the enormous expanse of the southwest Pacific Ocean. There are extensive ancient flat lands through to some of the youngest and most tectonically active landscapes on the planet. Temperature and rainfall ranges are large because of the breadth of latitudes and elevations. As a consequence, the soils of the region are also diverse. The strongly weathered soils in humid tropical areas and the vast expanses of old soils across the Australian continent are particularly susceptible to disturbance and this is where some of the more intractable problems of soil management occur today

Predicting C aromaticity of biochars based on their elemental composition

Three models were examined to predict C aromaticity (f(a)) of biochars based on either their elemental composition (C, H, N and O) or fixed C (FC) content. Values of f(a) from solid state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis with Bloch-decay (BD) or direct polarisation (DP) techniques, concentrations of total C, H, N, and organic O, and contents of FC of 60 biochars were either compiled from the literature (dataset 1, n = 52) or generated in this study (dataset 2, n = 8). Models were first calibrated with dataset 1 and then validated with dataset 2. All models were able to fit dataset 1 when atomic H to C ratio (H/C) 1, high concentrations of carbonate or high inorganic H. These models need to be further tested with a wider range of biochars before they can be recommended for classification of biochar stability

The fate of phosphorus of ash-rich biochars in a soil-plant system

The objectives were to investigate (i) the forms and release pattern of P from an ash-rich biochar-amended sandy soil; (ii) the transformation of biochar P in a soil-plant system. Several methodologies (a bioassay test, soluble P extractions, a sequential P fractionation and successive P extractions via resin strips) were used to study the bioavailability and transformation of P in a sandy soil fertilised with either conventional P fertilisers [Ca(H2PO4)(2) (CaP) and Sechura phosphate rock (SPR)] or biochars produced from cattle manure (MAe) and alum-treated biosolids (BSe) at four temperatures (250, 350, 450, and 550 A degrees C). Biochar P mainly contributed to increase soil resin-extractable P- and inorganic NaOH-extractable P-fractions, and thus to plant available P. The decrease in P concentrations of those fractions was caused by the uptake of P by plants rather than their transformations into more stable forms. P release rates diminished following the order: CaP > MAe > BSe > SPR, which indicates a decline in P availability from these P sources. Phosphorus-rich biochar can be used as a slow-release fertiliser. It is necessary to determine available P (either soil or fertiliser tests) in biochars prior to its application to soil, so that dose, frequency and timing of application are correctly established

Molecular characteristics of permanganate- and dichromate-oxidation-resistant soil organic matter from a black-C-rich colluvial soil

16 páginas.-- 3 figuras.-- 3 tablas.-- 85 referenciasSamples from a colluvial soil rich in pyrogenic material (black C, BC) in north-west Spain were subjected to K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4 oxidation and the residual soil organic matter (SOM) was NaOH-extracted and analysed using analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) and solid-state 13C cross-polarisation magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP MAS-NMR) in order to study the susceptibility of different SOM fractions (fresh, degraded/microbial, BC and aliphatic) towards these oxidising agents. Untreated samples that were NaOH-extracted were also analysed. The Py-GC/MS and 13C NMR indicated that KMnO4 promotes the oxidation of carbohydrate products, mostly from degraded/microbial SOM and lignocellulose, causing a relative enrichment of aliphatic and aromatic structures. Residual SOM after K2Cr2O7 oxidation contained BC, N-containing BC and aliphatic structures. This was corroborated by a relatively intense resonance of aromatic C and some signal of alkyl C in 13C NMR spectra. These results confirm that dichromate oxidation residues contain a non-pyrogenic fraction mainly consisting of aliphatic structures.The contribution of M. Camps-Arbestain to this research was funded by MAF and NZAGRC.Peer reviewe

Investigating the Influence of Biochar Particle Size and Depth of Placement on Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) Emissions from Simulated Urine Patches

The use of biochar reduces nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils under specific conditions yet the mechanisms through which interactions occur are not fully understood. The objectives of this glasshouse study were to investigate the effect of (i) biochar particle size, and (ii) the impact of soil inversion—through simulated mouldboard ploughing—on N2O emissions from soils to which cattle urine was applied. Pine biochar (550 °C) with two different particle sizes (<2 mm and >4 mm) was mixed either into the top soil layer at the original 0⁻10 cm depth in the soil column or at 10⁻20 cm depth by inverting the top soil to simulate ploughing. Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored for every two to three days, up to seven weeks during the summer trial and measurements were repeated during the autumn trial. We found that the use of large particle size biochar in the inverted soil had significant impact on increasing the cumulative N2O emissions in autumn trial, possibly through changes in the water hydraulic conductivity of the soil column and increased water retention at the boundary between soil layers. This study thus highlights the importance of the role of biochar particle size and the method of biochar placement on soil physical properties and the implications of these on N2O emissions