Principales cambios en la epidemiología de las enfermedades infecciosas en el mundo

ResumenEste trabajo revisa el concepto y el impacto de las nuevas enfermedades infecciosas y las razones para su emergencia; a partir de ahí, describe algunas estrategias para su control. Entre estas medidas se encuentra, en primer lugar. el fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud pública, como la vigilancia epidemiológica y los laboratorios de salud pública, que permitan identificar nuevos brotes y nuevas enfermedades infecciosas. En segundo lugar la difusión rápida de los conocimientos generados, hasta las personas encargadas del control de enfermedades. En tercer lugar, la promoción de la investigación en este campo y la formación de personal especializado. Dentro de la investigación es prioritario el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas, potencialmente útiles también para el control de las enfermedades crónicas, consideradas hasta ahora como no infecciosas (úlceras péptica, coronariopatías, etcétera). Por último, se recomienda un “nuevo abordaje epidemiológico”, que integre los aspectos médicos y sociales de las enfermedades. Este abordaje es además el que permite la necesaria colaboración con los profesionales de otros campos, como la inmunología, la microbiología, la clínica y las ciencias sociales.SummaryThis paper reviews the concept and impact of new infectious diseases and the reasons for their emergence; taking that as a start, it describes some strategies to control them. Among these measures we can find, firstly, the strengthening of public health services, such as epidemiological surveillance and public health laboratories, which allow us to identify new outbreaks and new infectious diseases. Secondly, the quick spread of the knowledge that is generated towards the people who are in charge of the control of diseases, and thirdly, the promotion of research in this field and the training of specialized staff. In the field of research, priority is given to the development of new vaccinations that are potentially useful for the control of chronic diseases which were considered until now as non-infectious (peptic ulcer, coronarypathies, etc.). Finally, a new epidemiological approach which integrates medical and social aspects of diseases is advised. Besides, this approach is what allows the necessary collaboration with professionals from other fields, such as immunology, microbiology, clinics and social sciences

Environmental status of marine plastic pollution in Spain

The excessive use of plastic in our society is causing a massive accumulation, since it is a non-biodegradable product and with still poor recycling rates. This effect can be observed in the seas, which more and more plastic waste are accumulating. The present work is a critical review, based on all currently available literature, that reports environmental status of marine plastic pollution, especially microplastic pollution, in Spain. The three Spanish water areas with the highest presence of plastics are the Alboran Sea, the Gulf of Alicante and the vicinity of Barcelona probably related to fishing and industrial activities and high population densities. With regard to microplastic contamination on beaches in Spain, annual monitoring by the Spanish government shows contamination along the entire coast of the country, with particularly high concentrations in the Canary Islands (between 800 and 8800 particles/m2 in spring). Between 40 and 50% of the particles analyzed were pellets and the main factors postulated for the distribution of these particles are marine currents and the geomorphological characteristics. With regards to biota, ingestion of microplastics by fish has been intensely confirmed and, important differences were observed between the locations of the sampling, being bogues (Boops boops) one of the fish species more studied in Spain. Finally, the work includes a revision of European and Spanish legislation about plastics and marine pollution and some strategies to reduce this kind of contamination in Spain

Fractura bilateral de epitroclea: a propósito de 1 caso

Presentamos 1 caso infrecuente de fractura bilateral de epitroclea en un paciente varón de 15 años, tratado mediante osteosíntesis con agujas de Kirschner más transposición anterior de ambos nervios cubitales.We present an unfrequent case of bilateral fracture of the medial epicondyle, in a 15-year-old boy that was treated with Kirschner wires and anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve

Milling Process of Petroleum Coke for Sintered Steel Applications

The effect of milling on different properties of a petroleum coke has been evaluated. The material was subjected to planetary milling at two different rates (400 and 600 rev min-1) for different times up to 48 h. The milled material was characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, sieve analysis, thermal analysis, chemical analysis, specific surface area and compressibility has been undertaken. The results show that the milling produces a very quick loss of the crystal structure of the coke and a rapid comminution, which lead to large increases in specific surface area and compressibility losses. The coke has shown a high activity through the milling process, absorbing a great quantity of oxygen. The increase in milling time shifts its thermal decomposition to lower temperatures.Authors want to acknowledge the financial support of Spanish Education Ministry, through Project PTR1995-0724-OP.Publicad

Efectos de la Interacción de Confinamiento en Superconductores Mesoscópicos Cilíndricos Bajo la Acción de un Campo Magnético Axial

En el marco de la teoría generalizada de Ginzburg Landau propuesta por Shanenko e Ivanov, para una muestra mesoscópica superconductora cilíndrica bajo la acción de un campo magnético axial, analizamos la contribución de la interacción de confinamiento de los pares de Cooper a la energía del sistema. Se presta especial atención a discutir la dependencia de la energía de confinamiento con respecto a la geometría y el tamaño de la muestra

Appraising the quality standard underpinning international clinical practice guidelines for the selection and care of vascular access devices: a systematic review of reviews

OBJECTIVE: Catheter-related bloodstream infections are one of the most important adverse events for patients. Evidence-based practice embraces interventions to prevent and reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients. At present, a growing number of guidelines exist worldwide. The purpose of the study was to assess clinical practice guidelines for peripheral and central venous access device care and prevention of related complications. DESIGN: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines: We conducted a search of the literature published from 2005 to 2018 using Medline/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Ovid, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. We also evaluated grey literature sources and websites of organisations that compiled or produced guidelines. Guideline quality was assessed with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation, Second Edition tool by three independent reviewers. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to evaluate the concordance between reviewers. RESULTS: We included seven guidelines in the evaluation. The concordance between observers was substantial, K=0.6364 (95% CI 0.0247 to 1.2259). We identified seven international guidelines, which scored poorly on crucial domains such as applicability (medium 39%), stakeholder involvement (medium 65%) and methodological rigour (medium 67%). Guidelines by Spanish Health Ministry and UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence presented the highest quality. CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to critically evaluate the validity and reliability of clinical practice guidelines so the best, most context-specific document is selected. Such choice is a necessary prior step to encourage and support health organisations to transfer research results to clinical practice. The gaps identified in our study may explain the suboptimal clinical impact of guidelines. Such low adoption may be mitigated with the use of implementation guides accompanying clinical documents

Plyometric Training in Female Volleyball Players. Systematic Review

El voleibol femenino se práctica en todo el mundo a nivel profesional y amateur. Los saltos verticales son una parte fundamental para el desarrollo de este deporte, por lo que el entrenamiento pliométrico puede ser eficaz para un aumento del rendimiento. El propósito de estudio fue describir cuáles han sido los métodos y programas de entrenamiento pliométrico en mujeres que practican voleibol, así como el resultado obtenido en función de estos. El proceso de búsqueda en las bases de datos se llevó a cabo desde Marzo hasta Junio de 2016. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane y SPORTDiscus. La revisión sistemática fue realizada bajo las recomendaciones de la declaración PRISMA. La calidad metodológica de los estudios fue evaluada mediante la Escala PEDro. Como resultado, se obtuvieron un total de 205 artículos tras eliminar aquellos que estaban por duplicado. Finalmente 7 artículos fueron seleccionados. Los resultados principales fueron que aquellos estudios que utilizan deportistas amateurs obtienen mejores resultados que los realizados con deportistas profesionales cuando se realizan programas de entrenamiento pliométrico. También se indica que un período de entrenamiento pliométrico de baja intensidad puede prevenir una disminución en la altura del salto vertical; así como es necesario programar la pretemporada para evitar pérdida en la capacidad de salto. Todo ello parece indicar, como conclusión, que es necesario una disminución del volumen y un aumento de la intensidad en el entrenamiento pliométrico.Female volleyball is practiced all over the world at a professional and amateur level. Vertical jumps are a fundamental part of the development of this sport. In this sense, plyometric training can be effective for increased performance. The purpose of the study was to describe the methods and programs of plyometric training in women volleyball players, as well as the results obtained from them. The following electronic databases were searched March to June 2016. Electronic databases consulted were Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane and SPORTDiscus. This systematic review was performed following PRISMA statement. PEDro scale was used to evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. As total of 205 articles were obtained after remove duplicates. Finally 7 articles were selected. The main results were that those studies using amateur athletes obtain better results than those performed with professional athletes when performing plyometric training programs. It is also indicated that a period of low intensity plyometric training could prevent a decrease in vertical jump height; As well as it is necessary to schedule the preseason to avoid loss in the ability to jump. All this seems to indicate, in conclusion, that a decrease in volume and an increase in intensity in the training of plyometric training is necessary