Governance: Territorial and Urban Planning. Case Study of Mérida (Spain)

The purpose of any territorial strategic planning process, in its urban or environmental component, is to influence the future dynamics of the city and its area of influence by making coordinated and consensual decisions, that will be carried out by political, economic and social agents. Strategic planning is the key to achieving a 21st century city, according to the Challenges of the New Urban Agenda (III Habitat Conference of the United Nations, Quito, 2016). These challenges are to plan a city with this multiple approach: Compact, Inclusive, Connected and Resilient. In this sense, this study makes a methodological proposal for the development of a Strategic Plan as an instrument capable of merging and articulating the physical planning of the land (urban, urbanizable, rustic and protected), with the socio-economic strategies of the city, so that the development was matched to the requirements and needs of each moment, given the flexibility of this tool to design new scenarios, such as the selected case of Mérida, autonomous capital of Extremadura (Spain).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The University as an Scenario for the Continuity of Ethics Education

This work addresses three fundamental issues: First, the rescue of the ethical reflection for which civilization unknowingly cries out, starting from conceptions that, having been disdained in favor of extremely liberal approaches, left basic anchors of society without foundation. Secondly, a new conception of ethical formation—which must impact all manifestations of civil existence, with particular emphasis on the family, including the entire framework of pre-university education at its different levels—is posed as a must. Thirdly, the role played by the university in a community in which the fear of the reversal of values or the presence of anti-ethics could threaten the existence of the State. In this last aspect, and taking as an underlying theme “The New Latin American Constitutionalism,” we will show a proposal that goes beyond the simple assumption of students’ and teachers’ training in professional ethics since the problem goes far beyond a merely deontological view, becoming the impact or social transformation in the true desideratum of university education

Afectación del derecho al descanso producto de la hiperconectividad laboral

Introduction. This article addresses the problem of the violation of the right to rest in Ecuador due to insufficient regulation of digital disconnection. Through a qualitative and diverse methodology, both the historical background of the issue and its current implications are examined, based on different methods such as historical-logical, deductive-inductive, analytical-synthetic, and dogmatic. Through the literature review, the urgent need for a legislative intervention to safeguard the rights of workers in this digital era is evidenced. We live in a digital era, where technology has been integrated into every aspect of our lives. However, this has brought with it new challenges, among them, the inadequate regulation of digital disconnection in Ecuador. This lack of adequate regulation puts workers' fundamental right to rest at risk. Objective. Therefore, the objective is to analyze the violation of the right to rest in Ecuador due to the inadequate regulation of digital disconnection. Methodology. A qualitative approach was adopted, making use of various methods: historical-logical to analyze the background and evolution of the topic, deductive-inductive to move from general concepts to particularities, analytical-synthetic to address the effects and legal problems arising from the current regulation and, finally, the dogmatic method to theoretically support the topic. The technique was the bibliographic review. Results. It was determined that the current regulation in Ecuador on digital disconnection is insufficient, which leads to the violation of various rights of workers. Conclusion. In this context, it is imperative that the Ecuadorian legislator intervene to ensure adequate regulation of digital disconnection, thus protecting workers' right to rest and adapting to the demands of the digital era. It is suggested to consider this issue as a new right in the process of construction and development. General area of study: Law. Specific area of study: Constitutional Law.Introducción. El presente artículo abordó la problemática de la vulneración del derecho al descanso en Ecuador debido a una regulación insuficiente de la desconexión digital. A través de una metodología cualitativa y diversa, se examinan tanto los antecedentes históricos del tema como sus implicaciones actuales, basándose en distintos métodos como el histórico-lógico, deductivo-inductivo, analítico-sintético y dogmático. Mediante la revisión bibliográfica, se evidencia la necesidad urgente de una intervención legislativa que salvaguarde los derechos de los trabajadores en esta era digital. Vivimos en una era digital, donde la tecnología se ha integrado en casi todos los aspectos de nuestras vidas. Sin embargo, esto ha traído consigo nuevos desafíos, entre ellos, la inadecuada regulación de la desconexión digital en el Ecuador. Esta falta de regulación adecuada pone en riesgo el derecho fundamental al descanso de los trabajadores. Objetivo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo es analizar la vulneración del derecho al descanso en Ecuador debido a la inadecuada regulación de la desconexión digital. Metodología. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo, haciendo uso de diversos métodos: histórico-lógico para analizar los antecedentes y evolución del tema, deductivo-inductivo para transitar de conceptos generales a particularidades, analítico-sintético para abordar los efectos y problemas jurídicos derivados de la regulación actual y, finalmente, el método dogmático para sustentar teóricamente el tema. La técnica fue la revisión bibliográfica. Resultados. Se determinó que la regulación actual en Ecuador sobre la desconexión digital es insuficiente, lo que lleva a la vulneración de diversos derechos de los trabajadores. Conclusión.  En este contexto, es imperativo que el legislador ecuatoriano intervenga para garantizar una regulación adecuada de la desconexión digital, protegiendo así el derecho al descanso de los trabajadores y adaptándose a las demandas de la era digital. Se sugiere considerar este tema como un nuevo derecho en proceso de construcción y desarrollo. Área de estudio general: Derecho. Área de estudio específica: Derecho constitucional

Conflicto de competencias en la justicia ordinaria y justicia indígena

Introduction: This article restates the extended reasoning between ordinary justice and indigenous justice, which, from historical times to the present, shows that there has been conflict of competences between the two jurisdictions, since the ordinary one has guaranteed the due process, while the indigenous jurisdiction has the ancestral as its foundation. Therefore, the need to implement an infra-constitutional regulation in the indigenous justice system is a priority, at least an exercise of ruling out which matters cannot be incorporated into the scope of internal conflict even though it has occurred in the community, to guarantee due process and legal security. Methodology: Methodology of inductive, deductive, and historical character, by virtue of the fact that different regulations, articles and laws were analyzed that allowed from a comparative study of law to infer in its application and use in the Ecuadorian legislation, in addition, from the analysis of cases and sentences it was possible to identify the existing gaps in our Magna Carta with reference to indigenous justice. Results: The indigenous justice in Ecuador, part of the human groups that preserve their traditional cultures, customs, decision of most people resisting the application of ordinary justice, in reference to the behavior of a conduct that has committed the illicit that is drastically punished in the communities, peoples and nationalities. Conclusion: It should be indicated that, for the cited authors and sentences of the Constitutional Court, it is notorious that there is a conflict of competences between the ordinary jurisdiction and the indigenous jurisdiction, since there is no supplementary norm in the indigenous justice that allows guaranteeing a due process and legal security.Introducción: Este artículo replantea el razonamiento extendido entre la justicia ordinaria y la justicia indígena, que, desde épocas históricas hasta la actualidad, demuestra que ha existido conflicto de competencias entre las dos jurisdicciones, ya que la ordinaria ha garantizado el debido proceso, mientras que la jurisdicción indígena tiene como fundamento lo ancestral. Por ello, la necesidad de poner en marcha en la justicia indígena da como prioridad contar con una normativa infra constitucional, al menos un ejercicio de descarte sobre que materias no pueden incorporarse al ámbito de conflicto interno pese a que se haya acontecido en la comunidad, esto con la finalidad de garantizar el debido proceso y la seguridad jurídica. Metodología: Metodología de carácter inductivo, deductivo e histórico, en virtud de que se analizaron diferentes normativas, artículos y leyes que permitieron desde un estudio comparado de derecho llegar a inferir en su aplicación y uso en la legislación ecuatoriana, además, desde el análisis propio de casos y sentencias se pudo llegar a identificar los vacíos existentes en nuestra carta magna con referencia a la justicia indígena. Resultados: La justicia indígena en el Ecuador, parte de los grupos humanos que preservan sus culturas tradicionales, costumbres, decisión de la mayoría de las personas resistiendo la aplicación de la justicia ordinaria, en referencia al comportamiento de una conducta que ha cometido el ilícito que se encuentra sancionado de manera drástica en las comunidades, pueblos y nacionalidades. Conclusión: Se debe indicar que, para los autores citados y sentencias de la Corte Constitucional, es notorio que existe ese conflicto de competencias entre la jurisdicción ordinaria y la jurisdicción indígena, por cuanto no existe en la justicia indígena una norma supletoria que permita garantizar un debido proceso y seguridad jurídica

La ineficacia de la defensa técnica como causa de nulidad en el proceso penal: análisis jurídico

Introduction. In criminal matters, technical defense plays a crucial role in ensuring a fair and equitable trial. The ineffectiveness of the defense can significantly violate the right to a fair trial, highlighting the importance of exploring and understanding its impact on the nullity of a criminal process. Objective. This article analyzes the relationship between the ineffectiveness of technical defense and the nullity of criminal proceedings, identifying the main shortcomings that can compromise the effectiveness of the right to defense. Methodology. A qualitative approach was adopted, reviewing relevant legislation and significant jurisprudence, along with doctrinal interpretation on technical defense in the Ecuadorian legal context. Results. The findings indicate that deficiencies in the technical defense, such as the absence of communication between the lawyer and the accused and errors in the defense strategy, can result in the nullity of the criminal process. Furthermore, it is observed that these inefficiencies reflect a broader problem related to the training and resources available to defenders. Conclusion. The research highlights the importance of ensuring an effective technical defense as an essential element of due process. The implementation of reforms focused on the training of defenders and the improvement of judicial resources is proposed to strengthen the administration of justice and safeguard the fundamental rights of the accused.Introducción. En materia penal, la defensa técnica juega un papel crucial para garantizar un juicio justo y equitativo. La ineficacia de la defensa puede vulnerar de manera significativa el derecho a un juicio justo, destacando la importancia de explorar y comprender su impacto en la nulidad de un proceso penal. Objetivo. Este artículo analiza la relación entre la ineficacia de la defensa técnica y la nulidad de los procesos penales, identificando las principales falencias que pueden comprometer la eficacia del derecho a la defensa. Metodología. Se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo, revisando legislación relevante y jurisprudencia significativa, junto con la interpretación doctrinal sobre la defensa técnica en el contexto jurídico ecuatoriano. Resultados. Los hallazgos indican que las deficiencias en la defensa técnica, tales como la ausencia de comunicación entre el abogado y el acusado y errores en la estrategia de defensa, pueden tener como consecuencia la nulidad del proceso penal. Además, se observa que estas ineficacias reflejan una problemática más amplia relacionada con la formación y los recursos disponibles para los defensores. Conclusión.  La investigación subraya la importancia de asegurar una defensa técnica efectiva como elemento esencial del debido proceso. Se propone la implementación de reformas enfocadas en la capacitación de defensores y la mejora de los recursos judiciales para fortalecer la administración de justicia y salvaguardar los derechos fundamentales del acusado. Área de estudio general: Derecho. Área de estudio específica: Derecho Procesal Penal y Litigación Oral. Tipo de estudio:  Artículos originales

Análisis fáctico de las causas que provocan la impunidad en los delitos de tráfico ilícito de migrantes en el cantón Cañar, en el año 2022

Introduction. This article focuses on the underlying causes of impunity in crimes of smuggling of migrants in the canton of Cañar, Ecuador, during the year 2022. It highlights the importance of strengthening the legal framework and institutional cooperation to safeguard the rights of migrants in this context.  Objective. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and understand the reasons behind impunity in cases of smuggling of migrants in the canton of Cañar. It seeks to propose concrete measures to improve the effectiveness of judicial processes and guarantee adequate protection for the victims involved in these crimes. Methodology. The research was carried out through a multidisciplinary approach that included the analysis of statistical data, interviews with experts in criminal procedural law and oral litigation, as well as the detailed review of relevant judicial cases. Priority was given to obtaining information on the socioeconomic and educational conditions of the victims, as well as on the available compensation mechanisms. Results. A lack of formal mechanisms for the economic compensation of victims was observed, which indicates a significant gap in the protection and reparation of their rights. In addition, deficiencies were identified in the collaboration between the institutions involved in the judicial processes, which hinders the effectiveness of the investigations and the prosecution of those responsible. Conclusion. This article highlights the urgent need to implement comprehensive strategies and specific support programs to effectively combat migrant smuggling in Cañar canton. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening the legal framework and promoting collaboration among relevant institutions to ensure justice and adequate protection for victims. In addition, it is recommended to establish fair compensation systems to address the needs of victims in a comprehensive manner. General area of study: Law. Specific area of study: Criminal Procedure Law and Oral Litigation. Type of study: Case analysis.Introducción. Este artículo estudio se enfoca en las causas subyacentes de la impunidad en delitos de tráfico ilícito de migrantes en el cantón Cañar, Ecuador, durante el año 2022. Se resalta la importancia de fortalecer el marco jurídico y la cooperación institucional para salvaguardar los derechos de los migrantes en este contexto.  Objetivo. El objetivo principal de este análisis es identificar y comprender las razones detrás de la impunidad en los casos de tráfico ilícito de migrantes en el cantón Cañar. Se busca proponer medidas concretas para mejorar la efectividad de los procesos judiciales y garantizar una adecuada protección de las víctimas involucradas en estos delitos. Metodología. La investigación se llevó a cabo mediante un enfoque multidisciplinario que incluyó el análisis de datos estadísticos, entrevistas con expertos en derecho procesal penal y litigación oral, así como la revisión detallada de casos judiciales relevantes. Se priorizó la obtención de información sobre las condiciones socioeconómicas y educativas de las víctimas, así como sobre los mecanismos de compensación disponibles. Resultados. Se observó una falta de mecanismos formales para el resarcimiento económico de las víctimas, lo que indica una brecha significativa en la protección y reparación de sus derechos. Además, se identificaron deficiencias en la colaboración entre las instituciones involucradas en los procesos judiciales, lo que dificulta la efectividad de las investigaciones y el enjuiciamiento de los responsables. Conclusión. Este artículo destaca la urgente necesidad de implementar estrategias integrales y programas específicos de apoyo para combatir eficazmente el tráfico ilícito de migrantes en el cantón Cañar. Se enfatiza la importancia de fortalecer el marco jurídico y promover la colaboración entre las instituciones pertinentes para garantizar justicia y protección adecuada para las víctimas. Además, se recomienda establecer sistemas de compensación justos para abordar las necesidades de las víctimas de manera integral. Área de estudio general: Derecho. Área de estudio específica: Derecho Procesal Penal y Litigación Oral. Tipo de estudio: Análisis de casos

Energy diagnosis of pressurized water systems with the ENERGOS tool

[EN] Although the transport of fluids by pipeline is the most efficient, it requires high energy consumption, due to the volume transferred and the pressure required. This is the consequence of transporting large volumes of water (sometimes over considerable distances) and having to deliver it at the required pressure. In the current context of climate change, with both resources becoming increasingly scarce, the only way to minimize their impact and control energy consumption is to improve efficiency, a process whose most relevant stages are the diagnosis, which identifies the starting point and the existing margin for savings, and the audit, which locates and quantifies inefficiencies. This paper presents a simple tool, ENERGOS, which allows to perform the first stage, the energy diagnosis of a pressurized water system. The objective of this diagnosis is to know the current state of the system, and more importantly, the possible margin for improvement, if any, from the introduction of very few data. This is the first step to improve the efficiency of the system. The tool, and the energy indicators presented in it, have been designed under the premise that only the minimum information, which any manager should know about his system, is required. That is, global volumes billed and injected, the most representative system levels and energy consumed by the pumps (available in the electricity bills). ENERGOS classifies the systems into three large groups, and performs the diagnosis according to the group. These are, firstly, the simple systems, defined as a pipeline, with one entry, generally, one pump, and one exit. Multi-scenario systems are systems with several inputs and outputs, and constant changes in their mode of operation, where each of these scenarios corresponds to a different layout. Finally, networks with one or more inputs and numerous outputs can operate differently, but without changing the layout. In all cases, the tool has a schematic, simple and intuitive data entry part, and from the data entered, it calculates the diagnosis, consisting of the comparison of the current energy intensity indicator (kWh/m3) with the ideal energy intensity, the one that would imply the total absence of losses, both operational (friction, water losses, inefficiencies in the pumping stations) and structural (losses due to topography). Since it is impossible to reach the ideal energy intensity value, an intermediate indicator, the target intensity, is defined. The calculation of this intensity requires the establishment of targets for losses, reasonable reference values to be achieved with the current technology for the system under analysis. For example, the current efficiency of the pumping station is estimated, and a minimum acceptable level is calculated for it (establishing values for the efficiency of the motor, the variator and the pump itself). The same is established for friction, water losses and excess pressure.Gómez, E.; Del Teso, R.; Cabrera, E.; Estruch-Juan, E.; Maximino, PJ.; Ortiz, M.; Del Pozo, G.... (2024). Energy diagnosis of pressurized water systems with the ENERGOS tool. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/WDSA-CCWI2022.2022.1477

Caveolin-1 deficiency induces a MEK-ERK1/2-Snail-1-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis during peritoneal dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a form of renal replacement therapy whose repeated use can alter dialytic function through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis, eventually leading to PD discontinuation. The peritoneum from Cav1-/- mice showed increased EMT, thickness and fibrosis. Exposure of Cav1-/- mice to PD fluids further increased peritoneal membrane thickness, altered permeability and increased the number of FSP-1/cytokeratin-positive cells invading the sub-mesothelial stroma. High-throughput quantitative proteomics revealed increased abundance of collagens, FN and laminin, as well as proteins related to TGF- activity in matrices derived from Cav1-/- cells. Lack of Cav1 was associated with hyperactivation of a MEK-ERK1/2-Snail-1 pathway that regulated the Smad2-3/Smad1-5-8 balance. Pharmacological blockade of MEK rescued E-cadherin and ZO-1 inter-cellular junction localization, reduced fibrosis and restored peritoneal function in Cav1-/- mice. Moreover, treatment of human PD-patient-derived MCs with drugs increasing Cav1 levels, as well as ectopic Cav1 expression, induced reacquisition of epithelial features. This study demonstrates a pivotal role of Cav1 in the balance of epithelial versus mesenchymal state and suggests targets for the prevention of fibrosis during PD

Epistemología, acceso abierto e impacto de la investigación científica

[ES] El derecho de investigar y el deber de difundir lo investigado. Epistemología para contextos y la producción como espacios de aprendizaje. Producción de pensamiento y conocimiento. Epistemología y creación en la vida diaria. Las herramientas básicas de la investigación científica: La definición conceptual y las falacias no formales. Acceso abierto a la información científica. Altmetrics: la integración del impacto científico y el impacto social de la investigación. Evaluación y visibilidad de la Investigación científica. Visibilidad, identidad y reputación digital de la investigación y del investigador

La teoría de Korzybski aplicada a la lectura y escritura para el nivel superior

Alfred Korzybski, identified the ability to transmit knowledge from one generation to another, influencing in different fields of science. One of the conceptions that humanity seeks is the forms of representation through language, which forms the so-called Human Engineering; that is why when there are erroneous ideas or activities it produces erroneous or unpredictable results from its epistemology; created the general semantics, whose fundamental theme focused on the ability of abstraction in the human being, you can train with techniques, which serves for reading and writing. Proposes, the "Spiral theory" about the binding energy in time, is an application in this case contextual to reading and writing, to produce transformations. It leads to the development of abstraction. According to a report of reading indicators of Cerlalc, Ecuador has a 43% reading population, compared to 92% in Spain or 77% in Colombia. The average of the reading of the Ecuadorians, of half a book per year, is identified as a low level indicator, although it is true; Ecuadorians should undertake reading and writing programs in all the universities of the country. As for the teachers' dialogues that the students do not read, it becomes a juxtaposed expression, of course the low level of reading in Ecuador implies a sociocultural and historical question, because it also demonstrates a mirage that does not all teachers have a high level of reading and writing in Ecuador