Photographs, X-ray and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of maxilla and mandible from sampled subjects.

<p>(Subject 213) a: maxillary septal region showing sharp, ragged aspect on both sides of tooth 14; b: deformation of the mandibular cortical bone on the right part of the horizontal branch; c: inner part of the mandibular right horizontal branch showing a fistula aperture (indicated by a white arrow); d: CBCT examination differentiating the fistula’s pathway and the inferior alveolar nerve pathway. (Subject 306) a: maxillary teeth presenting significant deposits of dental calculus; b: disorganized and riddled posterior mandibular septal morphology and destruction of the crown part of tooth 45; c: X-ray view of a granuloma on the apical part of tooth 45 (indicated by a white arrow). (Subject 308) a; c and d: sound teeth, maxillary and mandibular bones (dental calculus presents on lingual tables of teeth 31 ad 41; b: focus on important dental wear on teeth 14; 15 and 16. (Subject 309) a: groove decay on the occlusal tables of maxillary teeth 16 and 17 (indicated by black arrows); b: vestibular fenestration of the maxilla in front of the root apex of tooth 14; c: radiologically visible periapical cyst on the apex of tooth 14 (indicated by a white arrow); d: decay on the distal table of tooth 34; e: decay on the mesial table of tooth 46. (Subject 403) a and c: no teeth on the mandibular arch (except tooth 43 which was sampled for analysis); b: closer view of tooth 43 showing a small patch of distal decay. (Subject 406) a: external view of the left horizontal mandibular branch supporting teeth 35 and 36; b: retroalveolar X-ray image highlighting decay on distal table of tooth 35 and mesial table of tooth 36; c: occlusal view of teeth 35 and 36 revealing dental coloration due to the decay process between the two teeth. Pictures realized and assembled by C. Willmann.</p

DNA damage patterns for teeth of subjects 213 and 306.

<p>The frequencies of all possible mismatches observed between the human nuclear genome (hg19), the <i>P</i>. <i>gingivalis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i> chromosomes and their mapped reads, respectively, are reported in gray according to the distance from 5’ end (left panel, first 25 nucleotides sequenced) and distance to 3’end (right panel, last 25 nucleotides sequenced). The typical DNA damage mutations C>T (5’) and G>A (3’) are reported in the dotted and solid lines, respectively.</p

Graphical representation of 11 dental pathogens per tooth sample highlighting specific bacterial composition.

<p>Graphical representation was realized with GraphPad Prism v.7 (GraphPad; La Jolla, CA).</p

Au-delà du bilan, quelles perspectives en archéologie romaine dans les Pays de la Loire ?

International audienceFollowing a review of seventeen contributions written by a group of twenty-one archaeologists specializing in a majority of the research themes relative to the study of the Roman period, this collective work attempts to identify the principal achievements of regional archaeology and proposes several research objectives possessing programmatic value. These achievements and objectives are logically distributed beneath the following seven headings: the urban phenomenon; the ritual and funerary sphere; territories and rural zones; artisanry and trade; overland thoroughfares and networks; rivers, waterways and the Atlantic coastline, and finally, natural resources.À la suite d’un bilan réunissant dix-sept contributions rédigées par un ensemble de vingt-et-un archéologues spécialistes de la période romaine dans la plupart de ses composantes thématiques, ce texte collectif tente de dégager les principaux acquis de l’archéologie régionale et propose plusieurs objectifs de recherche à valeur programmatique. Acquis et objectifs sont assez logiquement distribués suivant sept rubriques : le phénomène urbain ; domaines cultuels et funéraires ; campagnes et territoires ; artisanat et commerce ; voies de communication terrestre ; rivières, fleuves et littoral atlantique ; ressources naturelles

Genetic population structure across Brittany and the downstream Loire basin provides new insights on the demographic history of Western Europe

European genetic ancestry originates from three main ancestral populations - Western hunter-gatherers, early European farmers and Yamnaya Eurasian herders - whose edges geographically met in present-day France. Despite its central role to our understanding of how the ancestral populations interacted and gave rise to modern population structure, the population history of France has remained largely understudied. Here, we analysed 856 high-coverage whole-genome sequences along with genome-wide genotyping data of 3,234 present-day individuals from the northern half of France and merged them with publicly available present-day and ancient Europe-wide genotype datasets. We also analysed, for the first time, the whole-genome sequences of six medieval individuals (300-1100 CE) from Western France to gain insights into the genetic impact of what is commonly known as the Migration Period in Europe. We found extensive fine-scale population structure across Brittany and the downstream Loire basin, emphasizing the need for investigating local populations to better understand the distribution of rare and putatively deleterious variants across space. Overall, we observed an increased population differentiation between the northern and southern sides of the river Loire, which are characterised by different proportions of steppe vs. Neolithic-related ancestry. Samples from Western Brittany carry the largest levels of steppe ancestry and show high levels of allele sharing with individuals associated with the Bell Beaker complex, levels that are only comparable with those found in populations lying on the northwestern edges of Europe. Together, our results imply that present-day individuals from Western Brittany retain substantial legacy of the genetic changes that occurred in Northwestern Europe following the arrival of the Bell Beaker people c. 2500 BCE. Such genetic legacy may explain the sharing of disease-related alleles with other present-day populations from Western Britain and Ireland