A higher quantum bound for the V\'ertesi-Bene-Bell-inequality and the role of POVMs regarding its threshold detection efficiency

Recently, V\'{e}rtesi and Bene [Phys. Rev. A. {\bf 82}, 062115 (2010)] derived a two-qubit Bell inequality, $I_{CH3}$, which they show to be maximally violated only when more general positive operator valued measures (POVMs) are used instead of the usual von Neumann measurements. Here we consider a general parametrization for the three-element-POVM involved in the Bell test and obtain a higher quantum bound for the $I_{CH3}$-inequality. With a higher quantum bound for $I_{CH3}$, we investigate if there is an experimental setup that can be used for observing that POVMs give higher violations in Bell tests based on this inequality. We analyze the maximum errors supported by the inequality to identify a source of entangled photons that can be used for the test. Then, we study if POVMs are also relevant in the more realistic case that partially entangled states are used in the experiment. Finally, we investigate which are the required efficiencies of the $I_{CH3}$-inequality, and the type of measurements involved, for closing the detection loophole. We obtain that POVMs allow for the lowest threshold detection efficiency, and that it is comparable to the minimal (in the case of two-qubits) required detection efficiency of the Clauser-Horne-Bell-inequality.Comment: 11 Pages, 16 Figure

High-dimensional decoy-state quantum key distribution over 0.3 km of multicore telecommunication optical fibers

Multiplexing is a strategy to augment the transmission capacity of a communication system. It consists of combining multiple signals over the same data channel and it has been very successful in classical communications. However, the use of enhanced channels has only reached limited practicality in quantum communications (QC) as it requires the complex manipulation of quantum systems of higher dimensions. Considerable effort is being made towards QC using high-dimensional quantum systems encoded into the transverse momentum of single photons but, so far, no approach has been proven to be fully compatible with the existing telecommunication infrastructure. Here, we overcome such a technological challenge and demonstrate a stable and secure high-dimensional decoy-state quantum key distribution session over a 0.3 km long multicore optical fiber. The high-dimensional quantum states are defined in terms of the multiple core modes available for the photon transmission over the fiber, and the decoy-state analysis demonstrates that our technique enables a positive secret key generation rate up to 25 km of fiber propagation. Finally, we show how our results build up towards a high-dimensional quantum network composed of free-space and fiber based linksComment: Please see the complementary work arXiv:1610.01812 (2016

Normally-off Diamond Reverse Blocking MESFET

Schottky contacts have been used to fabricate normally-off lateral reverse-blocking MESFETs on p-type (boron-doped) O-terminated monocrystalline diamond. The devices utilized an ohmic source contact but both gate and drain contacts were Schottky in nature. Boron-doped p-channel diamond MESFETs reported to date display the less attractive normally-on characteristics. Here, the normally-off transistor delivered a current level of ~1.5 μAmm⁻¹ at a negative VGS of 0.8 V and a transconductance (gₘ) of 16 μSmm⁻¹, measured at room temperature (RT); at a temperature of 425 K, these values rose to ~70 μAmm⁻¹ for IDS and a gₘ value of 260 μSmm⁻¹. In both cases, a negligible gate leakage current was measured with no breakdown apparent at the maximum field investigated here (3.7 x 10⁵ V/m⁻¹). The Schottky gate demonstrates a well-behaved control of the channel even at higher temperatures. The high-temperature operation, normally-off behavior, and diamond's inherent radiation hardness make this transistor promising for harsh environment applications

“Estudio del efecto relajante e la fibra lisa en útero asilado de rata inducido por derivados terapéuticos con y sin oxígeno”

A study on the relaxing effect'of sorne terpenic derivates, with oxygen (linalool) and without oxygen (alfa-pinene, sabinene and limonene), major components from essential oil of J. sabina L., over smooth muscle has been performed. Contraction rat isolated uterus was induced by increasing doses of oxytocin (10-10 - 10-9M). The results obtaines showed that ter penes (2,5 . 10-4M) have relaxing activity of uterus "in vitro" (non competitive antogonism with oxytocin dose depent). The use of emulsifier (sodium cholate) for help to solubility of terpenes in the water don't modifity the results obtaines when the ter penes have been homogeneity in the water for agitation.Se ha estudiado el efecto de dos series de terpenos, oxigenados (linalol) y no oxigenados (alfa-pineno, sabineno y limoneno) componentes mayoritarios estos últimos del aceite esencial del J. sabina L., tras comprobación cromatográfica, sobre la contracción del útero aislado de rata inducida por oxitocina (10-10 - 1O-9M). Los resultados obtenidos indican la presencia de un antagonismo no competitivo entre dichos fármacos y la oxitocina a partir de concentraciones de 2,5. 1O-4M. El empleo de un emulgente como fue la sal sódica del ácido cólico con la intención de mejorar la dispersión en agua de los terpenos no mejoró los resultados obtenidos tras homogeneización de los mismos cuando estaban en disolución acuosa

Linkage disequilibrium, persistence of phase, and effective population size in Spanish local beef cattle breeds assessed through a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism chip

We have used the BovineHD Genotyping BeadChip to obtain high density genotypes (>700, 000 SNP after quality control) from 116 trios in five Spanish local beef cattle breeds. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was meas- ured through the r2 statistic. Average r2 for adjacent markers in the five breeds were very close, around 0.52, and de- creased with increasing distance between markers, although in long distances some LD remained (0.07 and 0.05 for markers 200 kb and 1000 kb apart, respectively). At all distances the standard deviations were large and the shape of the distribution varied depending upon the marker dis- tance. Average r2 varied also between chromosomes. Pair- wise correlations between the r’s estimated in two breeds at short distances (5 kb) was in the rank of 0.6 – 0.7. Similarly to r2 estimates, this correlation decreased with increasing marker distance

Páramo Calamagrostis s.l. (Poaceae): An updated list and key to the species known or likely to occur in páramos of NW South America and southern Central America including two new species, one new variety and five new records for Colombia

Calamagrostis (syn. Deyeuxia), as traditionally circumscribed, is one of the most speciose genera from páramo grasslands of northwest South America and southern Central America and often dominates these high-elevation habitats. However, it remains difficult for researchers to accurately identify the species due to a lack of floristic treatments for most of the countries containing páramo, with the distribution of many species still very poorly known. In an effort to ameliorate this, we present an updated list and identification keys in English and Spanish (as electronic appendix) to the species of Calamagrostis s.l. known or likely to occur in the páramos of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica and Panama. Fifty-four species are accepted, constituting 47 species currently circumscribed in Calamagrostis and seven species recently transferred to Deschampsia. Included within this are two new species, Calamagrostis crispifolius and Deschampsia santamartensis, which are described and illustrated. Both new species are found in páramos of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (departamento Magdalena), on the northernmost tip of Colombia, with C. crispifolius also found in the Serrania de Perija on the border with Venezuela. Calamagrostis crispifolius differs from all other species of Calamagrostis s.l. by the presence of strongly curled, readily deciduous leaf blades, amongst numerous other characteristics including open inflorescences with generally patent branches, small spikelets, (3.5–)4–5.5 mm long, with sessile florets and a rachilla prolongation reaching from 2/3 to almost the apex of the lemma, with short hairs (< 1 mm long). Deschampsia santamartensis is similar to Deschampsia hackelii (=Calamagrostis hackelii) from austral South America but differs by its broad, rigid and erect, strongly conduplicate blades, 1.5–2.5 mm wide when folded, ligules of innovations 0.5–1 mm long, truncate or obtuse, ligules of upper flowering culms 3–4 mm long, broadly shouldered with an attenuate central point, ellipsoid spike-like panicle, 3–5.5 long × 1.5–2.5 cm wide, lemma surfaces moderately to lightly scabrous between the veins, lemma apex acute to muticous, entire, rachilla extension often absent and inside of the floret often with hyaline shiny sinuous trichomes to 1 mm long, emerging from the base of the ovary. We also present a broader circumscription of the common species Deschampsia podophora (=Calamagrostis podophora), with the new variety D. podophora var. mutica described and illustrated. Deschampsia podophora var. mutica principally differs from var. podophora by florets lacking awns and larger habit i.e. multiple taller culms with longer and wider leaf blades forming tussocks, with inflorescences often held within sheaths. Nomenclatural changes are presented, with Deyeuxia macrostachya newly synonymised under C. macrophylla and C. pittieri, C. pubescens and Deyeuxia pubescens newly synonimised under C. planifolia. Lectotypes are designated for Agrostis antoniana, Calamagrostis pisinna, Deyeuxia macrostachya and Deyeuxia sodiroana. We also document and give notes on five new records of Calamagrostis for Colombia: C. carchiensis, C. guamanensis, C. heterophylla, C. pisinna and C. rigida

Aplicación de las técnicas de teledetección y SIG a la determinación y análisis de mapas de evapotranspiración

[ES] La estimación de la evapotranspiración es esencial en los sistemas de riego, en el cálculo de pérdidas de agua en embalses, en la estimación de balances hídricos, en las predicciones de escorrentía, así como en estudios climatológicos y meteorológicos. Las nuevas técnicas denominadas teledetección y sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) permiten el cálculo de la distribución espacial de este parámetro. Un nuevo modelo racional, SEBAL (Bastiaanssen, 1995), basado en la ecuación de conservación de la energía, ha sido aplicado en el estudio que se presenta. En este modelo se ha reducido el número de relaciones empíricas, además de presentar otras ventajas. El modelo ha sido calibrado y validado en una zona localizada en el Valle del Guadalquivir (España), a partir de una imagen del satélite Landsat-TM5 y de información climática. Posteriormente, el modelo ha sido utilizado con una resolución menor que la original por medio de un procedimiento de agregación de la imagen TM original. Este cambio en la resolución fue adoptado al objeto de comprobar la posible utilización de otras clases de imagen de satélite (por ejemplo, el NOAA). La evapotranspiración y otras variables obtenidas por teledetección se relacionan con ciertas características superficiales, por medio del uso de mapas de cultivos, suelos y mapas digitales de elevación del área de estudio.Se agradece a M. Menenti y W.G.M. Bastiaanssen del Department of Water Management in Arid Zones (DLO-Winand Staring Centre, Wageningen. The Netherlands) y sus colaboradores, todos los comentarios y material proporcionado para determinar la ET usando imágenes Landsat.Reca Cardeña, J.; Medina, JL.; Camacho, EF.; López, R.; Roldán Cañas, J. (1999). Aplicación de las técnicas de teledetección y SIG a la determinación y análisis de mapas de evapotranspiración. Ingeniería del Agua. 6(1):63-68. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1999.2778SWORD636861Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. y M. Menenti (1989). Surface reflectance and surface temperature in relation with soil type and regional energy fluxes. In: A.F. Bouwman (ed.). Soils and the greenhouse effect. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, Reino Unido. 541 -549.Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. (1995). Regionalization of surface flux densities and moisture indicators in composite terrain. A remote sensing approach under clear skies in Mediterranean climates. Doctoral thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen. Holanda. 273 pp.Camacho, E. (1991). Estudio de recursos agrarios del término municipal de Aguilar de la Frontera. Sin publicar.ERDAS Imagine 8.2. User ManualESRI. (1990). Understanting GIS. The ARC/INFO Method. Esri. New York.ILWIS 1.4 User Manual (1993). The Integrated Land and Water Information System. ITC. Enschede, HolandaMedina, J.L; E. Camacho; R. López Luque. y J. Reca. (1996). Determinación de la ET con empleo de imágenes Landsat-TM5 y su agregación a resolución NOAA-AVHRR. (Aguadulce, Almería, 11-13 de junio de 1996).Medina Minuesa, J.L. (1996). Determinación y análisis de la evapotranspiración a nivel regional mediante teledetección y sistemas de información geográfica. Trabajo Profesional Fin de Carrera, ETSIAM, Córdoba.Medina J.L; E. Camacho; J. Reca; R. López y J. Roldán. (1998). Determination and analysis of regional evapotranspiration in Southern Spain based on remote sensing and GIS. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 23(4):427-432.Menenti, M., W.G.M. Bastiaanssen, D. van Eick y M.A. Abd El Karim (1989). Linear relationship between surface reflectance and temperature and their application to map evaporation of groundwater. in: Adv. Space Research. Volumen 9, No 1, 165-176.Price, J.C. (1980). The potential of remotely sensed thermal infrared data to infer surface soil moisture and evaporation. Water Resour. Res., 16, 787-795.Roerink, G. (1994). The impact of satellite sensor resolution on the regional evaporation statistics in large-scale irrigation schemes. A case study in the Mendoza Province, Argentine. Interne medeling 312. DLO Windand Staring Centre, Wageningen. Holanda.Reca, J.; J. Roldán; M. Alcaide y E. Camacho (1996). Perspectivas de la teledetección en zonas regables. Riegos y Drenajes XXI. 89:34-39

An assessment of observed and simulated temperature variability in Sierra de Guadarrama

This work provides a first assessment of temperature variability at interannual and decadal timescales in Sierra de Guadarrama, a high mountain protected area of the Central System in the Iberian Peninsula. Observational data from stations located in the area and simulated data from a high-resolution simulation (1 km) with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, fed from ERA Interim reanalysis, are used in order to analyse the temperatura variability in the period 2000–2018. Comparison among all datasets allows evaluation of the realism of the model simulations. The results show that the model tends to underestimate the observational mean temperatures and anomalies at high-altitude stations. A linear mean temperature vertical gradient of −5.81 ◦C/km is observed, but it is overestimated by the model (−6.56 ◦C/km). The variability of the daily temperature anomalies for both observations and, to a lesser extent, simulations increases with height. The added value that the WRF offers against the use of the ERA Interim is evaluated. The results show that the WRF provides a better performance than the reanalysis, as it shows smaller biases with respect to observational temperature anomalies. Finally, the study of temperature trends over the Sierra de Guadarrama and its surroundings for the period 2000–2018 shows a warming in the area, significantly pronounced in autumn. When extended to the last decades, observations show that this warming has been happening since the first half of the 20th century, especially during the period 1970–2018, but not as much as during 2000–2018.This research was funded by CEI Moncloa UPM-UCM-Ciemat Cooperation Agreement: GuMNet (Guadarrama Monitoring Network) Initiative, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: GreatModelS (RTI2018-102305-B-C21d), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: GreatModelS (RTI2018-102305-B-C21d), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: ILModels (CGL2014-59644-R/CLI)

Disease severity in familial cases of IBD

Background: Phenotypic traits of familial IBD relative to sporadic cases are controversial, probably related to limited statistical power of published evidence. Aim: To know if there are phenotype differences between familial and sporadic IBD, evaluating the prospective Spanish registry (ENEIDA) with 11,983 cases. Methods: 5783 patients (48.3%) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 6200 (51.7%) Crohn's disease (CD). Cases with one or more 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree relatives affected by UC/CD were defined as familial case. Results: In UC and CD, familial cases compared with sporadic cases had an earlier disease onset (UC: 33 years [IQR 25–44] vs 37 years [IQR 27–49]; p b 0.0001); (CD: 27 years [IQR 21–35] vs 29 years [IQR 22–40]; p b 0.0001), higher prevalence of extraintestinal immune-related manifestations (EIMs) (UC: 17.2% vs 14%; p = 0.04); (CD: 30.1% vs 23.6%; p b 0.0001). Familial CD had higher percentage of ileocolic location (42.7% vs 51.8%; p = 0.0001), penetrating behavior (21% vs 17.6%; p = 0.01) and perianal disease (32% vs 27.1%; p = 0.003). Differences are not influenced by degree of consanguinity. Conclusion: When a sufficiently powered cohort is evaluated, familial aggregation in IBD is associated to an earlier disease onset, more EIMs and more severe phenotype in CD. This feature should be taken into account at establishing predictors of disease course