The slope current along the western European margin: A numerical investigation

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the poleward flow along the western European slopes. The area of the model domain goes from northwest Africa to Ireland. During a first stage, the currents are driven by climatological density fields. In a second stage the model is also forced by climatological winds, although special attention is paid to spring, when the winds are favourable to the development of an equatorward jet along the Iberian coast. Results show that the climatological density field is able to produce the poleward current along the European continental slope. Winds can modify the flow pattern, mainly in the southern areas off Iberia, specially during the upwelling season. The poleward current obtained is continuous between the Portuguese and French coasts, following the contour depths, with a core of maximum velocity located from 300-1 500 m, depending both on space and time. This core corresponds to the shelfward divergence of isopycnals. Maximum speeds range from 10-20 cm/s. A poleward intensification of the current is also obtained.Un modelo tridimensional hidrodinámico se ha usado para investigar el flujo en dirección hacia el polo a lo largo del talud occidental europeo. El área de dominio del modelo va desde el noroeste de áfrica hasta Irlanda. En un primer estadio, las corrientes son dirigidas por los campos climatológicos de densidad. En un segundo estadio el modelo se fuerza con vientos climatológicos, donde se presta una especial atención a la primavera, cuando los vientos son favorables al desarrollo de un jet en dirección al ecuador a lo largo de la costa ibérica. Los resultados muestran cómo el campo de densidad climatológica es capaz de producir una corriente en dirección al polo a lo largo del talud del continente europeo. Los vientos pueden modificar este esquema de flujo, principalmente en las áreas al sur de la península Ibérica, sobre todo durante la estación de upwelling. La corriente hacia el polo obtenida es continua entre las costas portuguesa y francesa, siguiendo las líneas de profundidad, con una velocidad máxima en el núcleo situada entre 300 m y 1 500 m, dependiendo tanto del espacio como del tiempo. Este núcleo corresponde a la divergencia de las isopicnas hacia la plataforma continental. Las velocidades máximas varían entre 10 y 20 cm/s. También se obtiene una intensificación hacia el polo de la corriente.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Spatial distribution of bed variables, animal welfare indicators, and milk production in a closed compost-bedded pack barn with a negative tunnel ventilation system

This research aimed to characterize, evaluate and compare the spatial distribution of the leading bed variables, animal welfare indicators, and milk production in a closed compost-bedded pack barn (CBP) with a negative tunnel ventilation system, for summer and winter periods. The study was carried out in a CBP located in the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The geostatistical modeling technique evaluated the variables of temper ature, moisture content, and pH (on the surface and depth of 0.20m) across the length of the bed. Bed samples were characterized for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and C:N ratio. Cows housed in the CBP were assessed for locomotion and hygiene scores and average milk production. To evaluate the thermoregulation of the cows, the respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature (ST) were measured. Geostatistical analysis showed spatial dependence and the non-uniformity of the spatial distribution of bed variables. The worst levels of bed tem perature and moisture were found in the regions close to the evaporative cooling plate, surrounding the feeding alley, and in the region with the highest cow stocking. The C:N ratio, obtained in both climatic seasons of the year, remained outside the recommended range for ideal composting. During the summer and winter, the bed variables’ values suggest that the material was below levels for optimal composting; however, the aerated inner layer was biologically active. The high animal density significantly impacted the worsening of the bed moisture content and internal temperature. In general, dairy cows showed adequate hygiene (score of 1 and 2) and locomotion (score of 0 and 1) scores for the two climatic seasons evaluated, indicating good welfare conditions. In relation to RR and ST, the summer period presented less favorable environmental conditions. During winter, the average milk production was 28.1 ± 7.2 kg day-1, and during summer, it was 26.9 ± 6.7 kg day-1

Моделирование и оптимизация процессов управления движением дизель-поездов

В монографии изложены научные основы, методология и результаты практического решения актуальных задач моделирования и оптимизации процессов управления движением дизель-поездов и разработки системы поддержки принятия решений машинистом для автоматизации процессов управления движением дизель-поезда с тяговым асинхронным приводом. Для научных и инженерно технических работников, занимающихся проектированием и обслуживанием тягового подвижного состава, а также специалистов по теории автоматического управления и применению искусственных нейронных сетей

Evaluación de los efectos cardiorrespiratorios del butorfanol adjunto a un protocolo de anestesia total intravenosa en cabras sometidas a laparoscopia

To evaluate the cardiorespiratory effects and postoperative analgesia of a total intravenous anesthesia protocol, twenty-four adult goats were assigned to four experimental groups: G1 and G2 underwent to laparoscopic procedure every 15 days, while G3, and G4 every 30 days. Xylazine (0.05 mg/kg IM) in all animals and butorphanol (0.5 mg/kg IM) in animals of G2 and G4 were used as premedication. Ketamine (2.0 mg/kg IV) anaesthetic induction was performed and subsequently the sheep were intubated and received oxygen (FiCO2 = 1.0). Animals were positioned in a Trendelenburg position and anaesthetic plane maintained by constant infusion of 2 mL/kg/h IV of a solution composed of: 12.5 g of guaiacolate, 25 mg of xylazine and 250 mg of ketamine in 250 mL of 5% dextrose. Haemo-gasometric (pH, PO2 PCO2, cHCO3) and clinical parameters (HR, RR, MAP and T), recovery time and postoperative analgesia were evaluated at different times of the anesthetic-surgical procedure. HR, RR, T, pH, PO2, PCO2 and cHCO3 varied through surgical time and PCO2 was significantly higher in butorphanol treated animals. The studied anaesthetic protocol resulted in a prolonged recovery, clinical hypotension and respiratory acidosis; butorphanol supplementation caused an increase in PaCO2 with no evident improvement of postoperative analgesia. Therefore, the practical application of this protocol indicates a special fluid, ventilation and recovery care. Further studies are needed on the analgesic effect of butorphanol in these situations to allow its indication.Para evaluar los efectos cardiorrespiratorios y la analgesia posoperatoria de un protocolo de anestesia total intravenosa fueron utilizadas 24 cabras adultas, distribuidas en cuatro grupos experimentales: G1 y G2, sometidos a laparoscopia cada 15 días, G3 y G4 cada 30 días. Como medicación preanestésica se utilizaron 0,05 mg/kg IM de xilacina en todos los animales y 0,5 mg/kg IM de butorfanol en los grupos G2 y G4. La inducción anestésica fue realizada con ketamina (2,0 mg/kg IV), se realizó la intubación traqueal y administración de oxígeno (FiO2=1,0). Los animales fueron posicionados en Trendelemburg y mantenidos en plano anestésico mediante infusión continua de 2 mL/kg/h de una solución compuesta por 12,5 g de guayacolato, 25 mg de xilacina y 250 mg de ketamina, diluidos en 250 mL de dextrosa al 5%. Parámetros hemogasométricos (pH, PaO2 PaCO2 cHCO3), clínicos (FC, FR, PAM y T), tiempo de recuperación y analgesia posoperatoria fueron evaluados en diferentes momentos del procedimiento anestésico-quirúrgico. La FC, FR, T, pH, PaO2, PaCO2 y cHCO3 variaron con relación al tiempo quirúrgico y la PaCO2 fue significativamente mayor en los animales en los que fue utilizado butorfanol. Con este protocolo anestésico se observó un tiempo de recuperación prolongado, hipotensión clínica y acidosis respiratoria; la suplementación con butorfanol resultó en un aumento de la PaCO2 sin mejora evidente de la analgesia posoperatoria. Así, la aplicación práctica de este protocolo indica un cuidado especial de la fluidoterapia, la ventilación y la recuperación. Estudios más profundos del efecto analgésico del butorfanol en estas situaciones se hacen necesarios para permitir indicar su utilización

Vascular Flora Of The Legado Das Águas, Reserva Votorantim, Municipalities Of Tapiraí, Miracatú And Juquiá, São Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)We present a list of vascular plants found in Legado das Águas, Reserva Votorantim, a private reserve having an area of approximately 35,000 ha that spans the municipalities of Tapiraí, Miracatú, and Juquiá, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The reserve is part of a complex of state-protected areas including Alto Ribeira Touristic State Park, Intervales State Park, Carlos Botelho State Park, Jurupará State Park, and Serra do Mar State Park. Together, these form an important and large area of continuous and well-preserved forest. Our study, which involved two main floristic surveys in March/April 2013 and April 2014, recorded 768 species, representing 131 families and 432 genera. The majority of species were angiosperms (619) representing 106 families and 370 genera. There were also two species of gymnosperms belonging to two genera in separate families; 147 species of ferns and lycophytes belonging to 23 families and 60 genera. In demonstrating the presence of almost 800 species of plants, of which 16 are threatened, our study highlights the importance of floristic surveys and the critical role of private protected areas in managing and preserving native flora. © 2016 Check List and Authors.1262011/22923-8, FAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo2015/9444-4, FAPESP, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP