Spatial patterns in the contribution of biotic and abiotic factors to the population dynamics of three freshwater fish species

Background Population dynamics are driven by a number of biotic (e.g., density-dependence) and abiotic (e.g., climate) factors whose contribution can greatly vary across study systems (i.e., populations). Yet, the extent to which the contribution of these factors varies across populations and between species and whether spatial patterns can be identified has received little attention. Methods Here, we used a long-term (1982–2011), broad scale (182 sites distributed across metropolitan France) dataset to study spatial patterns in the population’s dynamics of three freshwater fish species presenting contrasted life-histories and patterns of elevation range shifts in recent decades. We used a hierarchical Bayesian approach together with an elasticity analysis to estimate the relative contribution of a set of biotic (e.g., strength of density dependence, recruitment rate) and abiotic (mean and variability of water temperature) factors affecting the site-specific dynamic of two different size classes (0+ and >0+ individuals) for the three species. We then tested whether the local contribution of each factor presented evidence for biogeographical patterns by confronting two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: the “range-shift” hypothesis that predicts a gradient along elevation or latitude and the “abundant-center” hypothesis that predicts a gradient from the center to the edge of the species’ distributional range. Results Despite contrasted life-histories, the three species displayed similar large-scale patterns in population dynamics with a much stronger contribution of biotic factors over abiotic ones. Yet, the contribution of the different factors strongly varied within distributional ranges and followed distinct spatial patterns. Indeed, while abiotic factors mostly varied along elevation, biotic factors—which disproportionately contributed to population dynamics—varied along both elevation and latitude. Conclusions Overall while our results provide stronger support for the range-shift hypothesis, they also highlight the dual effect of distinct factors on spatial patterns in population dynamics and can explain the overall difficulty to find general evidence for geographic gradients in natural populations. We propose that considering the separate contribution of the factors affecting population dynamics could help better understand the drivers of abundance-distribution patterns

Multi-axis vibration durability testing of lithium ion 18650 NCA cylindrical cells

This paper presents new research to determine if the electromechanical attributes of Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA) 18650 battery cells are adversely affected by exposure to vibration commensurate with that experienced by electric vehicles (EVs) through road induced excitation. This investigation applied vibration to a set of commercially available cells in six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) using a multi-axis shaker table. This method of mechanical testing is known to be more representative of the vibration experienced by automotive components, as 6 motions of vibration (X, Y, Z, roll, pitch and yaw) are applied simultaneously. Within the context of this study, cell characterisation within the electrical domain is performed via quantification of the cell’s impedance, the open-circuit potential and the cell’s energy capacity. Conversely, the mechanical properties of the cell are inferred through measurement of the cell’s natural frequency. Experimental results are presented that highlight that the electromechanical performances of the 18650 NCA cells do not, in the main, display statistically significant degradation when subject to vibration representative of a typical 10-year European vehicle life. However, a statistically significant increase in DC resistance of the cells was observed

Modélisation du comportement dynamique non linéaire d'un système machine - outil - pièce lors d'une opération de fraisage

Les travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse représentent une méthodologie de travail pour contribuer à l étude du comportement dynamique non linéaire du système M O P en fraisage. Cette méthodologie est orientée selon les objectifs principaux relatifs à cette thèse. En effet, la recherche bibliographique réalisée a permis de donner un aperçu sur les travaux existants dans ce cadre et d identifier les phénomènes vibratoires générés par la dynamique de coupe et les mécanismes d instabilité mis enjeu. En fait, le processus de coupe génère, selon le cas, deux formes de vibrations : les vibrations forcées et les vibrations auto entretenues. Dans une première approche, nous avons développé un modèle masse ressort (à deux degrés de liberté) du système O P pour étudier et analyser le comportement dynamique de la cellule élémentaire en fraisage. Ce modèle a permis d examiner l influence de la profondeur de passe sur la stabilité de la coupe. Cependant, ce modèle semble être insuffisant pour quantifier avec précision les vibrations en fraisage car les sources vibratoires générées par la dynamique de la machine ne peuvent être négligées. Dans une deuxième approche, nous avons modélisé le système globale Machine - Outil - Pièce. En effet, un modèle numérique basé sur la méthode de sous-structuration par éléments finis de l ensemble M O P a été développé. Cette modélisation permet de tenir compte de l effet de l inertie des différents éléments tournants de la fraiseuse, de la structure de la machine et de la forme de l outil. Nous avons ainsi réalisé des simulations du comportement dynamique global de l opération du fraisage. L influence de différents paramètres sur l effort de coupe tels que l avance, la profondeur de passe, les réponses dynamiques suivant les trois axes a été étudié. Cette étude a permis de conclure que ces paramètres sont fortement affectés par l usinage. Pour compléter cette étude numérique, une étude expérimentale a été menée afin d étudier l influence de différents paramètres de coupe. En effet, la méthodologie expérimentale développée a mis en évidence les paramètres les plus importants qui influent sur le comportement dynamique globale du système M O P. Cette étude expérimentale a nécessité le développement d un plan d expérience complet pour pouvoir définir les paramètres d entrées/sorties et organiser les essais à effectuer. L analyse des résultats a permis de détecter l influence de l avance et de la profondeur de passe sur le niveau des vibrations générées. Le bilan de ces résultats a mis le point sur les niveaux extrêmes des variables provoquant le niveau vibratoire le plus élevé. De plus une confrontation entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques a été effectuée et a montré une bonne concordance.The research led in this thesis represents a methodology to contribute to the study of nonlinear dynamic behavior of the system M - O - P in milling. This methodology is directed according to the main objectives relative to this thesis. Indeed, the literature allows giving an overview of the existing work in this context and identifies the vibration phenomena generated by the dynamics of cutting mechanisms and the instability of the involved set cut. In fact, the cutting process generates, as applicable, two types of vibration: forced vibration and self excited vibration. In a first approach, we developed a model mass - spring (with two degrees of freedom) of the system O - P to study and analyze the dynamic behavior of the elementary machining cell in milling. This model was used to examine the influence of the depth of cut on the stability of the cut. However, this model appears to be insufficient to accurately quantify the vibrations in milling because the sources vibration generated by the dynamics of the machine cannot be neglected. In a second approach, we modeled the overall system Machine - Tool - Part; indeed, a numerical model based on the substructure method by finite element of the M - O - P was developed. This modeling takes into account the effect of inertia of the various rotating elements of the milling machine, the machine structure and shape of the tool. We have conducted simulations of the dynamic behavior of the overall operation of milling. The influence of different parameters on the cutting force such as advance, the depth of cut, and the dynamic responses along the three axes was investigated. This study concluded that these parameters are strongly affected by machining. To complement this numerical study, an experimental study was conducted to study the influence of different cutting parameters. Indeed, the experimental methodology developed has highlighted the most important parameters that influence the overall dynamic behavior of the system M - O - P. This experimental study required the development of an experimental complete to define the parameters of Input / Output and arrange to be tested. The analysis of the results allowed detecting the influence of feed and depth of cut on the level of vibration generated. The outcome of these results put the item on the extreme levels of variables causing the vibration level is higher. Over a confrontation between the experimental and numerical results was performed and showed a good agreement.CHATENAY MALABRY-Ecole centrale (920192301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Long-term data show alarming decline of majority of fish species in a Lower Mekong basin fishery

Overexploitation, habitat fragmentation, and flow alteration are major threats to freshwater biodiversity that can lead to fisheries collapse and species extinction. These threats are particularly alarming in poorly monitored ecosystems where resource use supports the livelihoods of numerous people. The Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia is such an ecosystem, supporting one of the world's largest freshwater fisheries. Tonle Sap Lake fishes are the focus of indiscriminate harvest affecting species stocks, community composition and food-web structure. Changes in the magnitude and timing of the seasonal flood pulse have also been linked to declines in fish stocks. Yet, changes in fish abundance and species-specific temporal trends remain poorly documented. Analyzing 17 years' time series of fish catch data for 110 species, we show that fish populations have declined by 87.7 %, owing to a statistically significant decline for >74 % species, particularly the largest ones. Despite large variations in species-specific trends - going from locally extinct to >1000 % increase - declines were found across most migratory behaviors, trophic positions or IUCN threat categories, though uncertainty regarding the magnitude of effect precluded us drawing conclusions in some cases. These results, reminiscent of alarming declines in fish stocks in many marine fisheries, provide unequivocal evidence that Tonle Sap fish stocks are increasingly depleted. The consequences of this depletion on ecosystem function are unknown but will undoubtedly affect the livelihoods of millions of people, stressing the need to set-up management strategies aimed to protect both the fishery and its associated diversity. Flow alteration, habitat degradation / fragmentation - especially deforestation of seasonally inundated areas and overharvest - have been reported as major drivers in population dynamics and community structure, highlighting the need for management efforts aimed at preserving the natural flood pulse, protecting flooded forest habitats, and reducing overfishing

Functionalized Oxides for Bifacial Solar Cells with Passivated Contacts: First Results of the OXYGEN Project

International audienc

Functionalized Oxides for Bifacial Solar Cells with Passivated Contacts: First Results of the OXYGEN Project

International audienc

Impact of Pulmonary Valve Replacement on Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Tetralogy of Fallot and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

International audienceObjectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) on ventricular arrhythmias burden in a population of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients with continuous cardiac monitoring by implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs).Background: Sudden cardiac death is a major cause of death in TOF, and right ventricular overload is commonly considered to be a potential trigger for ventricular arrhythmias.Methods: Data were analyzed from a nationwide French ongoing study (DAI-T4F) including all TOF patients with an ICD since 2000. Survival data with recurrent events were used to compare the burden of appropriate ICD therapies before and after PVR in patients who underwent PVR over the study period.Results: A total of 165 patients (mean age 42.2 ± 13.3 years, 70.1% male) were included from 40 centers. Over a median follow-up period of 6.8 (interquartile range: 2.5 to 11.4) years, 26 patients (15.8%) underwent PVR. Among those patients, 18 (69.2%) experienced at least 1 appropriate ICD therapy. When considering all ICD therapies delivered before (n = 62) and after (n = 16) PVR, the burden of appropriate ICD therapies was significantly lower after PVR (HR: 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08 to 0.56; p = 0.002). Respective appropriate ICD therapies rates per 100 person-years were 44.0 (95% CI: 35.7 to 52.5) before and 13.2 (95% CI: 7.7 to 20.5) after PVR (p < 0.001). In the overall cohort, PVR before ICD implantation was also independently associated with a lower risk of appropriate ICD therapy in primary prevention patients (HR: 0.29 [95% CI: 0.10 to 0.89]; p = 0.031).Conclusions: In this cohort of high-risk TOF patients implanted with an ICD, the burden of appropriate ICD therapies was significantly reduced after PVR. While optimal indications and timing for PVR are debated, these findings suggest the importance of considering ventricular arrhythmias in the overall decision-making process. (French National Registry of Patients With Tetralogy of Fallot and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator [DAI-T4F]; NCT03837574)

PaCTS 1.0: a crowdsourced reporting standard for paleoclimate data

The progress of science is tied to the standardization of measurements, instruments, and data. This is especially true in the Big Data age, where analyzing large data volumes critically hinges on the data being standardized. Accordingly, the lack of community‐sanctioned data standards in paleoclimatology has largely precluded the benefits of Big Data advances in the field. Building upon recent efforts to standardize the format and terminology of paleoclimate data, this article describes the Paleoclimate Community reporTing Standard (PaCTS), a crowdsourced reporting standard for such data. PaCTS captures which information should be included when reporting paleoclimate data, with the goal of maximizing the reuse value of paleoclimate data sets, particularly for synthesis work and comparison to climate model simulations. Initiated by the LinkedEarth project, the process to elicit a reporting standard involved an international workshop in 2016, various forms of digital community engagement over the next few years, and grassroots working groups. Participants in this process identified important properties across paleoclimate archives, in addition to the reporting of uncertainties and chronologies; they also identified archive‐specific properties and distinguished reporting standards for new versus legacy data sets. This work shows that at least 135 respondents overwhelmingly support a drastic increase in the amount of metadata accompanying paleoclimate data sets. Since such goals are at odds with present practices, we discuss a transparent path toward implementing or revising these recommendations in the near future, using both bottom‐up and top‐down approaches