37 research outputs found

    Exploitation of the Reverberant Propagation of Elastic Waves in Structures: Towards a Concept of Low-resource SHM Sensor Network

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    AbstractActual implementation of an efficient SHM system is necessarily hampered by the constraints of power-consumption and intrusive- ness (weight, size, in-service integration) of sensors. In the field of ultrasound-based SHM, conventional methods rely on relatively powerful acoustic sources synchronized with the sensors, and exploit only the first propagated (ballistic) wavepackets. The aim of this paper is to present possible techniques to exploit the whole complexity of reverberation signals, in order to extract the maxi- mum information from limited hardware, software, or power resources. A first aspect is the extraction of statistical properties of the codas of multiply-reflected signals, which can be used to estimate structural properties from a small number of sensors. In this technique, the required signal processing is relatively light and synchronization between the acquisition channels is not necessary. A second aspect is concerned with the possibility of using ambient acoustic sources, naturally present for example in transportation applications, instead of artificial power-consuming ultrasound sources

    Visualization of subsurface damage in woven carbon fiber-reinforced composites using polarization-sensitive terahertz imaging

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    Polarization-sensitive terahertz imaging is applied to characterize subsurface damage in woven carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates in this study. Terahertz subsurface spectral imaging based on terahertz deconvolution is tailored and applied to detect, in a nondestructive fashion, the subsurface damage within the first ply of the laminate caused by a four-point bending test. Subsurface damage types, including matrix cracking, fiber distortion/fracture, as well as intra-ply delamination, are successfully characterized. Our results show that, although the conductivity of carbon fibers rapidly attenuates terahertz propagation with depth, the imaging capability of terahertz radiation on woven carbon fiber-reinforced composites can nonetheless be significantly enhanced by taking advantage of the terahertz polarization and terahertz deconvolution. The method demonstrated in this study is capable of extracting and visualizing a number of fine details of the subsurface damage in woven carbon fiber-reinforced composites, and the results achieved are confirmed by comparative studies with X-ray tomography.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Conseil Régional du Grand Est of the Fonds Européen de Développement Régional (FEDER), and of the Institut Carnot ARTS

    Application of Ultrasonic Coda Wave Interferometry for Micro-cracks Monitoring in Woven Fabric Composites

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    The consequences of a four-point bending test, up to 12 mm, are examined by emitting 1 MHz ultrasonic guided waves in woven carbon fiber reinforced polymer specimens, using coda wave interferometry (CWI), revealing a potential use for nondestructive evaluation. It is known that CWI is more sensitive to realistic damage than the conventional method based on the first arriving time of flight in geophysical, or in civil engineering applications such as concrete structures. However, in composite materials CWI is not well established because of the involved structural complexity. In this paper, CWI is investigated for monitoring the occurrence of realistic defects such as micro-cracks in a woven carbon fiber composite plate. The micro-cracks are generated by a four-point bending test. The damage state is stepwise enhanced by gradually increasing the load level, until failure initiation. The damage is monitored, after each loading, using ultrasound. It is demonstrated that CWI is a powerful tool to detect damage, even low levels, in the sample. Two damage indicators based on CWI, i.e. signals correlation coefficient and relative velocity change, are investigated and appear to be complimentary. Under significant loading levels, the normalized cross-correlation coefficient between the waveforms recorded in the damaged and in the healthy sample (reference at 0 mm), decreases sharply; this first indicator is therefore useful for severe damage detection. It is also demonstrated, by means of a second indicator, that the relative velocity change between a baseline signal taken at zero loading, and the signals taken at various loadings, is linear as a function of the loading, until a critical level is reached; therefore this second indicator, is useful for low damage level detection. The obtained evolution of the relative velocity measurement is supported by relative comparison to the evolution of the bending modulus in function of displacement. The relative velocity change exhibits the same evolution as the bending modulus with loading. It could be used to indicate when the material stiffness has decreased significantly. The research is done in the framework of composite manufacturing quality control and appears to be a promising inspection technique.This work is supported by the RĂ©gion Grand Est

    Passive defect localization in reverberant plates using correlation of acoustic field

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    La reconstruction passive des fonctions de Green par corrĂ©lation de bruit ambiant suscite aujourd’hui un grand intĂ©rĂȘt en contrĂŽle santĂ© intĂ©grĂ© (CSI). Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons une mĂ©thode originale reposant sur l’application de cette approche pour dĂ©tecter et localiser des dĂ©fauts (fissures, trous, rainures) dans des plaques minces rĂ©verbĂ©rantes avec un faible nombre de capteurs. Les ondes de flexion qui se propagent sur la plaque sont engendrĂ©es soit par un ensemble de sources alĂ©atoirement rĂ©parties sur la surface ou un bruit ambiant. Un rĂ©seau de capteurs sensibles au dĂ©placement normal permet d’estimer la matrice de corrĂ©lations inter-Ă©lĂ©ments avant et aprĂšs l’apparition d’un dĂ©faut. Un critĂšre d’évaluation de la qualitĂ© des corrĂ©lations est proposĂ© sous forme d’un niveau de bruit relatif entre les rĂ©sidus de reconstruction et les fonctions de Green. La matrice diffĂ©rentielle de corrĂ©lations avant et aprĂšs dĂ©faut est utilisĂ©e pour l’imagerie de dĂ©faut. En dĂ©pit de la reconstruction imparfaite des rĂ©ponses impulsionnelles, la technique proposĂ©e s’avĂšre comparable aux mĂ©thodes actives avec une excellente rĂ©solution. On a proposĂ© ensuite une extension de la mĂ©thode passive par corrĂ©lation de champs pour l’identification des zones de bruit. Un filtrage basĂ© sur la technique de dĂ©composition en valeurs singuliĂšres (DORT) est tout particuliĂšrement utilisĂ© pour amĂ©liorer les images de localisation. Des sources acoustiques secondaires ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour la translation du bruit ambiant basses frĂ©quences en composantes hautes frĂ©quences, utilisĂ©es pour localiser des dĂ©fauts dans des plaques. Enfin, on a montrĂ© que ce type de mĂ©thode pourrait ĂȘtre Ă©galement utilisĂ© pour caractĂ©riser un dĂ©faut dans une structure rĂ©verbĂ©rante, en particulier, il a Ă©tĂ© soulignĂ© que l’intensitĂ© des images de localisation obtenues est liĂ©e Ă  la section de diffusion de celui-ci.Green’s functions retrieval from ambient noise correlation has recently drawn a new interest in structural health monitoring. In this manuscript, we propose an original method based on this approach to detect and locate defects (cracks, holes, grooves) in a reverberant thin plate with a limited number of sensors. Flexural waves that propagate on the plate are generated by either a set of sources distributed randomly on the surface or an ambient noise. Covariance matrices are estimated from the sparse array after damage and compared to baseline-correlation matrix recorded from the healthy plate. An evaluation criterion has developed in the form of relative noise level to predict the quality of the GF reconstruction. The differential correlation matrix w/o defect is used to localize the defect. We have shown numerically and experimentally that this technique is exploitable for defect detection and localization, despite a non-perfect estimation of the GF. We have also proposed a passive technique to identify the regions of noise. A filtering technique based on the singular value decomposition is shown to improve the detection. A secondary acoustic sources have been developped to harvesting the LF ambient noise to HF field, used to localize defects in platelike structures. Finally, it was shown that such method could also be used to characterize a defect in a reverberant structure, in particular, it has been drawn that the obtained images intensity is related to the defect cross-section

    Surveillance passive des milieux réverbérants par corrélation de bruit ambiant : application à la localisation de défauts

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    Green’s functions retrieval from ambient noise correlation has recently drawn a new interest in structural health monitoring. In this manuscript, we propose an original method based on this approach to detect and locate defects (cracks, holes, grooves) in a reverberant thin plate with a limited number of sensors. Flexural waves that propagate on the plate are generated by either a set of sources distributed randomly on the surface or an ambient noise. Covariance matrices are estimated from the sparse array after damage and compared to baseline-correlation matrix recorded from the healthy plate. An evaluation criterion has developed in the form of relative noise level to predict the quality of the GF reconstruction. The differential correlation matrix w/o defect is used to localize the defect. We have shown numerically and experimentally that this technique is exploitable for defect detection and localization, despite a non-perfect estimation of the GF. We have also proposed a passive technique to identify the regions of noise. A filtering technique based on the singular value decomposition is shown to improve the detection. A secondary acoustic sources have been developped to harvesting the LF ambient noise to HF field, used to localize defects in platelike structures. Finally, it was shown that such method could also be used to characterize a defect in a reverberant structure, in particular, it has been drawn that the obtained images intensity is related to the defect cross-section.La reconstruction passive des fonctions de Green par corrĂ©lation de bruit ambiant suscite aujourd’hui un grand intĂ©rĂȘt en contrĂŽle santĂ© intĂ©grĂ© (CSI). Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons une mĂ©thode originale reposant sur l’application de cette approche pour dĂ©tecter et localiser des dĂ©fauts (fissures, trous, rainures) dans des plaques minces rĂ©verbĂ©rantes avec un faible nombre de capteurs. Les ondes de flexion qui se propagent sur la plaque sont engendrĂ©es soit par un ensemble de sources alĂ©atoirement rĂ©parties sur la surface ou un bruit ambiant. Un rĂ©seau de capteurs sensibles au dĂ©placement normal permet d’estimer la matrice de corrĂ©lations inter-Ă©lĂ©ments avant et aprĂšs l’apparition d’un dĂ©faut. Un critĂšre d’évaluation de la qualitĂ© des corrĂ©lations est proposĂ© sous forme d’un niveau de bruit relatif entre les rĂ©sidus de reconstruction et les fonctions de Green. La matrice diffĂ©rentielle de corrĂ©lations avant et aprĂšs dĂ©faut est utilisĂ©e pour l’imagerie de dĂ©faut. En dĂ©pit de la reconstruction imparfaite des rĂ©ponses impulsionnelles, la technique proposĂ©e s’avĂšre comparable aux mĂ©thodes actives avec une excellente rĂ©solution. On a proposĂ© ensuite une extension de la mĂ©thode passive par corrĂ©lation de champs pour l’identification des zones de bruit. Un filtrage basĂ© sur la technique de dĂ©composition en valeurs singuliĂšres (DORT) est tout particuliĂšrement utilisĂ© pour amĂ©liorer les images de localisation. Des sources acoustiques secondaires ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es pour la translation du bruit ambiant basses frĂ©quences en composantes hautes frĂ©quences, utilisĂ©es pour localiser des dĂ©fauts dans des plaques. Enfin, on a montrĂ© que ce type de mĂ©thode pourrait ĂȘtre Ă©galement utilisĂ© pour caractĂ©riser un dĂ©faut dans une structure rĂ©verbĂ©rante, en particulier, il a Ă©tĂ© soulignĂ© que l’intensitĂ© des images de localisation obtenues est liĂ©e Ă  la section de diffusion de celui-ci

    Non destructive evaluation of adhesion quality in a bi-material structures

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    International audienceThe difficulty of applying ultrasonic techniques to bi-material structures lies in the fact that different phenomena coexist, such as the non-linear effects caused by the adhesion properties between matrix-fibers and the diffraction effect caused by the periodicity of those structures. This work deals with the study of the combined effect of non-linear effects on a 3D bi-materials structure “polymer-titanium.” For this purpose, a Snapscan system is used which generates high amplitude pulses and receives signals composed of the fundamental mode and the higher harmonics. The transducers used are chosen according to the thickness and the periodicity scale of the sample. First, measurements in transmission are made where the transmitted ultrasonic waves are measured by changing the angle between the receiver and the sample. For each angle, a spectrogram is realized. The experimental observations on the spectrograms show that for small incident amplitudes we measure only the fundamental frequency. When the amplitude is gradually increased, high harmonics are generated due to the non-linear stress-strain relationship. Then, reflection measurements were made to measure the Bragg spectrum. The results show that the internal defects (due to lack of adhesion) disturb the periodicity of the structure and thus the Bragg spectrum. This non-destructive technique can be a valuable aid for the automotive industry, for example, in order to control their products during manufacturing process

    Resynchronisation en post traitement des signaux issus d'un réseau de capteurs ultrasonores indépendants: étude de la symétrie des fonctions de Green reconstruites par corrélation de bruit

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    National audienceLe ContrĂŽle SantĂ© Structurel (Structural Health Monitoring ou SHM) suscite un fort intĂ©rĂȘt dans la communautĂ© industrielle et fait l'objet de recherches actives au niveau international. La propagation d'ondes ultrasonores guidĂ©es dans les structures est dans ce domaine l'une des mĂ©thodes les plus prometteuses. Cependant, ces mĂ©thodes de SHM ultrasonore nĂ©cessitent ordinairement des sources contrĂŽlĂ©es et synchronisĂ©es avec les rĂ©cepteurs et n'exploitent en gĂ©nĂ©ral que les premiers paquets d'onde des signaux enregistrĂ©s aprĂšs propagation dans le milieu. Cela nĂ©cessite une Ă©lectronique complexe et peu Ă©conome en Ă©nergie, difficilement compatible avec les contraintes du SHM, tout en n'apportant des informations que sur une partie limitĂ©e de la structure. L'idĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale est alors de mettre en oeuvre des solutions de traitement collectif des signaux ultrasonores permettant de suivre l'Ă©tat d'une structure tout en limitant le caractĂšre intrusif des instrumentations associĂ©es. En particulier, nous proposons d'aborder la possibilitĂ© d'utiliser un ensemble de capteurs ultrasonores indĂ©pendants les uns des autres. En particulier, on s'intĂ©ressera Ă  la possibilitĂ© de resynchronisation en post-traitement des signaux issus des diffĂ©rents capteurs Ă  partir de procĂ©dures de corrĂ©lation acoustique. Ceci rĂ©duira alors notablement la complexitĂ© du systĂšme de rĂ©seau de capteurs Ă  implĂ©menter pour l'imagerie de dĂ©fauts.Des expĂ©riences prĂ©liminaires ont Ă©tĂ© conduites au laboratoire sur une plaque d'aluminium. Un bruit est gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© en frottant sur des petites surfaces de la plaque. Un rĂ©seau de 8 capteurs piĂ©zo-Ă©lectriques est utilisĂ© pour la collecte de donnĂ©es ultrasonores. L'inter-corrĂ©lation entre les diffĂ©rentes paires de rĂ©cepteurs est calculĂ©e pour reconstruire Ă  partir du bruit les fonctions de Green entre ces paires-lĂ . Dans un premier temps, on s'est intĂ©ressĂ© Ă  l'Ă©tude de la qualitĂ© des fonctions d'inter-corrĂ©lation de bruit. Ensuite, Ă  la resynchronisation des rĂ©cepteurs en post traitement en se basant sur la symĂ©trie des fonctions d'inter-corrĂ©lation prĂ©alablement calculĂ©es

    Detection and imaging of BVIDs in composite plates

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    International audienceComposite materials are increasingly used in the aerospace industry. However, they may be subjected to Barely Visible Impact Damages (BVIDs). BVIDs can occur during maintenance phases or during flight and are almost impossible to detect with the naked eye. Although very small, these defects greatly weaken the structure and present a significant safety risk if they are not detected early enough. Currently, very high frequency non-destructive testing methods can be used for BVIDs localization but involve immobilizing the aircraft. In addition, some parts are difficult to access. This explains the growing interest for Structural Health Monitoring or SHM in the industry. Indeed, the objective is to integrate the sensors throughout thelife of the aircraft and to carry out control in near real time. This makes possible to increase the frequency of inspections while reducing costs.Most aeronautical parts have plate-like geometries, and are therefore commonly inspected using ultrasound guided waves. Guided waves have the advantage of propagating over long distances, but are rapidly attenuated at high frequencies in composite materials. Linear methods require a sufficiently smallwavelength relative to the defect size and are sensitive to high-frequency heterogeneities. Furthermore, the microcracks created by BVIDs are partially closed and therefore difficult to detect with linear methods, even at high frequencies. Hence, we propose to use low frequency guided waves non-linear methods. Inorder to precisely locate defects, it is necessary to take the dispersive nature of guided waves into account. A Beam Forming algorithm with dispersion compensation in very anisotropic media is presented. In a first step, the algorithm has been validated numerically and experimentally in a linear imaging version for both A0 and S0, respectively from data simulated with the CIVA software and with measurements on a CFRP composite plate, in the frequency range 10kHz-90kHz. Then this algorithm will be adapted to the non-linear case with a pump-probe type setup, and evaluated on impact defects (BVID created by compressed air impactor)

    Détection et imagerie des BVID dans des matériaux composites

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    National audienceLes BVID pour Barely Visible Impact Damage dans les matĂ©riaux composites sont un problĂšme grandissant au sein de l’industrie aĂ©ronautique. Ces derniers peuvent apparaĂźtre lors des phases de maintenance ou durant le vol et sont quasiment impossibles Ă  dĂ©tecter Ă  l’oeil nu. Bien que de trĂšs petite taille, ces dĂ©fauts fragilisent grandement la structure et prĂ©sentent un risque important pour la sĂ©curitĂ© si ils ne sont pas dĂ©tectĂ©s suffisamment tĂŽt. Actuellement, des mĂ©thodes de contrĂŽle non destructif trĂšs haute frĂ©quence permettent de localiser les BVID mais impliquent d’immobiliser l’avion. De plus, certaines piĂšces sont difficilement accessibles. C’est pourquoi la thĂ©matique de contrĂŽle de santĂ© intĂ©grĂ© ou SHM suscite de plus en plus l’intĂ©rĂȘt dans l’industrie. En effet, l’objectif est d’intĂ©grer les capteurs tout au long de la vie de l’appareil et de faire du contrĂŽle en quasi temps rĂ©el. Cela permet d’augmenter la frĂ©quence de contrĂŽle tout en rĂ©duisant les coĂ»ts.La plupart des piĂšces aĂ©ronautiques sont de gĂ©omĂ©tries assimilables Ă  des plaques et on procĂšde par consĂ©quent Ă  du contrĂŽle par onde guidĂ©e. Ces derniĂšres prĂ©sentent l’avantage de se propager sur des grandes distances mais sont trĂšs vite attĂ©nuĂ©es Ă  haute frĂ©quence dans les matĂ©riaux composites. Les mĂ©thodes linĂ©aires nĂ©cessitent une longueur d’onde suffisamment petite par rapport Ă  la taille du dĂ©faut et sont sensibles aux hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©s Ă  haute frĂ©quence. De plus, les microfissures crĂ©Ă©es par les BVID sont partiellement fermĂ©es et donc difficiles Ă  dĂ©tecter avec des mĂ©thodes linĂ©aires, mĂȘme Ă  haute frĂ©quence. On propose alors d’utiliser des mĂ©thodes non linĂ©aires. Afin de localiser prĂ©cisĂ©ment les dĂ©fauts, il est nĂ©cessaire de tenir compte du caractĂšre dispersif des ondes guidĂ©es. Un algorithme de Beam Forming avec compensation de la dispersion en milieu anisotrope dĂ©veloppĂ© dans le cadre de la thĂšse est prĂ©sentĂ©. Dans une premiĂšre Ă©tape, l’algorithme a Ă©tĂ© validĂ© numĂ©riquement et expĂ©rimentalement dans une version d’imagerie linĂ©aire, respectivement Ă  partir de donnĂ©es simulĂ©es avec le logiciel CIVA et avec des mesures sur une plaque en composite CFRP. L’algorithme sera trĂšs prochainement adaptĂ© au cas non linĂ©aire dans un dispositif de type pompe-sonde, et Ă©valuĂ© sur des dĂ©fauts d’impact (BVID crĂ©Ă©s par impacteur Ă  air comprimĂ©)
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