L'argumentation dans la communication : une analyse des interactions au sein d'une communauté politique en réseau

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Communiquer la genèse de l’organisation : l’invention rhétorique de Québec solidaire

La thèse aborde le « trou noir de la genèse » dans l’étude des organisations, c’est-àdire comment une organisation en vient à exister pour la première fois. Elle montre comment la genèse s’accomplit à travers l’agencement de multiples composantes (humaines, symboliques, matérielles), articulées à travers les interactions. S’appuyant sur une analyse détaillée des interactions performées durant le congrès fondateur d’un parti politique au Québec tenu durant l’année 2006, elle identifie et discute les diverses stratégies et tactiques employés par les artisanes et artisans de cette fondation pour mettre en acte l’existence de ce nouvel agent collectif. Autrement dit, la thèse mène à une recension des manières de « communiquer la genèse ». Cela inclut l’usage de narratifs unificateurs, la gestion des identités, la mise en place de principes à travers des documents fondateurs, et la création d’une voix collective, à la fois partagée et négociée par les divers agents impliqués dans ce processus. Ces accomplissements mettent en lumière la dimension résolument rhétorique de l’organisation, conçus en tant que « stratégies pour rendre compte d’une situation », pour nommer sa structure et ses composantes primordiales à travers « l’usage du langage comme moyen symbolique d’induire la coopération ». La configuration rhétorique de discours, d’objets, de corps, de dispositifs spatiaux et physiques, et d’impératifs économiques, politiques et institutionnels à l’oeuvre dans les organisations procure un nouvel éclairage sur les modes d’existence de l’organisation. Par le fait de recenser les composantes « essentielles » ou « fondatrices » du parti politique investigué, et par l’analyse de celle-ci à l’aide des concepts de la théorie rhétorique du dramatisme, la thèse développe une perspective novatrice pour l’étude de la constitution communicative des organisations.The dissertation addresses the “black hole of genesis” in organizational studies: how an organization gets constructed in the first place, and for the first time. It shows that an organization is founded through the interplay of various agencies (human, symbolic, material) articulated by communicative interactions. Based on the in-depth analysis of interactions performed during the founding convention of a political party in the Canadian province of Québec in 2006, it identifies and discusses the various strategies and tactics employed by members to enact the existence of a new collective agent, i.e., their ways of “communicating genesis.” Those include unification narratives, management of identities, institution of principles through founding documents, and the establishment of a collective voice, simultaneously shared and disputed by various agents. Such accomplishments are inherently rhetorical to the extent that they are “strategies for encompassing a situation,” for naming its structure and outstanding ingredients through “the use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation.” This rhetorical configuration of discourses, objects, bodies, physical and spatial designs, economical, political, and institutional imperatives, that represents the heterogeneous agencies at work in organizations, bears new lights on what organizations come into being. By identifying the “foundational” or “essential” components of this political party, and by inscribing them in the concepts of the dramatist rhetorical theory, the dissertation develops an innovative perspective for the study of the communicative constitution of organizations

Sauver la planète, un burger à la fois : Les stratégies communicationnelles de la viande végétale

Cet article analyse certaines des stratégies communicationnelles de la viande végétale, une innovation alimentaire promettant une expérience équivalente à celle de la viande animale, mais dépourvue de ses conséquences néfastes pour la santé des humains, des animaux et de la planète. Mobilisant une approche constitutive de la communication, nous retraçons le narratif fondateur de l’entreprise Beyond Meat à travers divers documents afin de repérer les principales stratégies de communication qui s’y trouvent développées. Notre analyse révèle que Beyond Meat se positionne dans la continuité de la culture de la viande. Minimisant la responsabilité des éleveurs, transformateurs et consommateurs de viande animale, le fabricant américain cible les animaux d’élevage pour leur inefficacité à transformer l’eau et les végétaux en viande, et se propose d’éliminer cet intermédiaire en fabriquant la viande directement à partir des plantes. Recrutant divers collaborateurs – restaurants, épiceries, et célébrités – pour normaliser la viande végétale, Beyond Meat interpelle par ailleurs ses consommateurs comme les membres d’un mouvement social dont l’engagement permettrait de sauver la planète, un burger à la fois

Robocasting of single and multi-functional calcium phosphate scaffolds and its hybridization with conventional techniques: Design, fabrication and characterization

In this work, dense, porous, and, for the first time, functionally-graded bi-layer scaffolds with a cylindrical geometry were produced from a commercially available hydroxyapatite powder using the robocasting technique. The bi-layer scaffolds were made of a dense core part attached to a surrounding porous part. Subsequently, these bi-layer robocast scaffolds were joined with an outer shell of an antibacterial porous polymer layer fabricated by solvent casting/salt leaching techniques, leading to hybrid ceramic-polymer scaffolds. The antibacterial functionality was achieved through the addition of silver ions to the polymer layer. All the robocast samples, including the bi-layer ones, were first characterized through scanning electron microscopy observations, mechanical characterization in compression and preliminary bioactivity tests. Then, the hybrid bi-layer ceramic-polymer scaffolds were characterized through antimicrobial tests. After sintering at 1300 for 3 h, the compressive strengths of the structures were found to be equal to 29  4 MPa for dense samples and 7  4 MPa for lattice structures with a porosity of 34.1%. Bioactivity tests performed at 37  for 4 weeks showed that the precipitated layer on the robocast samples contained octacalcium phosphate. Finally, it was evidenced that the hybrid structure was effective in releasing antibacterial Ag+ ions to the surrounding medium showing its potential efficiency in limiting Staphylococcus aureus proliferation during surgery

Robocasting of Single and Multi-Functional Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds and Its Hybridization with Conventional Techniques: Design, Fabrication and Characterization [Allizond V. is the co-corresponding author]

International audienceIn this work, dense, porous and, for the first time, functionally-graded bi-layer scaffolds with a cylindrical geometry were produced from a commercially available hydroxyapatite powder using the robocasting technique. The bi-layer scaffolds were made of a dense core part attached to a surrounding porous part. Subsequently, these bi-layer robocast scaffolds were joined with an outer shell of an antibacterial porous polymer layer fabricated by solvent casting/salt leaching techniques, leading to hybrid ceramic-polymer scaffolds. The antibacterial functionality was achieved through the addition of silver ions to the polymer layer. All the robocast samples, including the bi-layer ones, were first characterized through scanning electron microscopy observations, mechanical characterization in compression and preliminary bioactivity tests. Then, the hybrid bi-layer ceramic-polymer scaffolds were characterized through antimicrobial tests. After sintering at 1300 °C for 3 h, the compressive strengths of the structures were found to be equal to 29 ± 4 MPa for dense samples and 7 ± 4 MPa for lattice structures with a porosity of 34.1%. Bioactivity tests performed at 37 °C for 4 weeks showed that the precipitated layer on the robocast samples contained octacalcium phosphate. Finally, it was evidenced that the hybrid structure was effective in releasing antibacterial Ag+ ions to the surrounding medium showing its potential efficiency in limiting Staphylococcus aureus proliferation during surgery

Transient self-potential anomalies associated with recent lava flows at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion Island, Indian Ocean)

International audienceSelf-potential signals are sensitive to various phenomena including ground water flow (streaming potential), thermal gradients (thermoelectric potential), and potentially rapid fluid disruption associated with vaporization of water. We describe transient self-potential anomalies observed over recent (< 9 years) lava flows at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion Island, Indian Ocean). Repeated self-potential measurements are used to determine the decay of the self-potential signals with time since the emplacement of a set of lava flow. We performed a 9 km-long self-potential profile in February 2004 in the Grand Brûlé area. This profile was repeated in July–August 2006. The second repetition of this profile crossed eight lava flows emplaced between 1998 and 2005 during seven eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise volcano. The self-potential data show clear positive anomalies (up to 330 mV) and spatially correlated with the presence of recent lava flows. The amplitude of the self-potential anomalies decreases exponentially with the age of the lava flows with a relaxation time of not, vert, similar 44 months. We explain these anomalies by the shallow convection of meteoric water and the associated streaming potential distribution but we cannot exclude possible contributions from the thermoelectric effect and the rapid fluid disruption mechanism. This field case evidences for the first time transient self-potential signals associated with recent volcanic deposits. It can be also a shallow analogue to understand the variation of self-potential signals in active geothermal areas and transient self-potential signals associated with dike intrusion at larger depths. The empirical equation we proposed can also be used to diagnose the cooling of recent lava flow on shield volcanoes