A guerra justa d’el rey dom Sebastião de Portugal aos imperadores do Monomotapa

Os estudos sobre a Teoria e Doutrina da Guerra Justa em Relações Internacionais tornaram-se recorrentes nos últimos anos desde a Invasão do Iraque em 2003, tendo havido desde então um crescente interesse do público em geral e da comunidade académica em particular. Mais do que uma corrente de análise jurídica, à luz do Direito Internacional, é também uma reflexão filosófico/política ou mesmo do âmbito da ciência política, sobre uma nova ética a aplicar na contemporaneidade com vista à possibilidade, sempre atual, do Concerto das Nações e da paz. O presente trabalho de investigação pretende incorporar na historiografia moderna um estudo de caso durante o Renascimento português - que eu argumento ser – a primeira declaração de guerra de um soberano Europeu a um Estado e a um soberano na África subsariana, – o Império ou Reino do Monomotapa no século XVI, geograficamente entre o Zimbabwe, Zâmbia, Malawi, Moçambique, Suazilândia, Lesoto e parte da África do Sul. A febre do ouro e a cobiça pelas riquezas de tão importante Império africano, levaram o poder político de Lisboa a despoletar um conflito sem tréguas aos muçulmanos que aí se haviam instalado há muito, assim como aos seus aliados africanos dos povos suaílis. Uma estratégia alargada ao Oceano Índico e ao Oriente contra a influência, o comércio e as fontes de abastecimento e financiamento do Império Otomano, com consequências irreversíveis para as grandes unidades políticas africanas do interior do Continente.Just War Theory in International Relations studies have become more common in recent years since the Iraq Invasion in 2003. A growing interest from the general public and the academic community in particular, developed the thinking on the Just War Tradition concepts. More than a legal analysis in International Law is also a philosophical reflection within the scope of political science about the new ethics to be applied in contemporary times within the possibility, always required, of the Concert of Nations and international peace. The present research in modern historiography is a case study during the Portuguese Renaissance - which I argue to be - the first declaration of war from an European sovereign State to a sovereign State in sub-Saharan Africa - the Empire or Kingdom of Monomotapa in the XVI century, geographically located between Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Lesotho and part of South Africa. A gold fever and the greed for the wealth of such an important African Empire, led the political power in Lisbon to trigger a relentless conflict against the Muslims, who had settled there for long time, as well as against their African allies, the Swahili peoples of the coast. A strategy that extended across the Indian Ocean and the Middle and far East against the influence, trade, finance and supply chain of the Ottoman Empire, with irreversible consequences for the African political units in the inner land of the African continent

Projeto Sanhaço: implantação do 1º Pomar Urbano do Município de Cachoeira, Bahia

O presente artigo é resultado de um Trabalho de Especialização nascido do desejo de implantar um projeto, cujo objetivo principal seria difundir a Educação Ambiental de forma prática em um ambiente fora dos muros da escola. Acredita-se que a consciência ecológica e o sentimento de pertencimento do/ao meio em que vive uma determinada comunidade, desperta-se através de práticas motivadas na busca de minimizar pequenos e médios problemas que cercam um dado grupo social. Escolheu-se como caso de estudo, o plantio de Pomares Urbanos no município de Cachoeira, Bahia-Brasil, com intuído de reflorestar as margens do Riacho Pitanga, que deságua no Rio Paraguaçu, conhecido por sua grande importância histórica, cultural e econômica na referida cidade. Para tanto, foi selecionada uma área piloto, no intento de que a experiência realizada por uma comunidade escolar, pudesse ser internalizada e replicada em outros espaços carentes de arborização ao longo das margens do Riacho Pitanga.This article is the result of a Specialization Work born of the desire to implement a project whose main objective would be to disseminate Environmental Education in a practical way in an environment outside the school walls. It is believed that ecological awareness and the sense of belonging to the environment in which a particular community lives, is awakened through motivated practices in the search to minimize small and medium problems that surround a given social group. As a case study, the plantation of Urban Orchards in the municipality of Cachoeira, Bahia-Brazil, was chosen as a study, with the intention of reforesting the banks of the Pitanga affluent which flows into the Paraguaçu River, known for its great historical, cultural and economic importance. City. In order to do so, a pilot area was selected so that the experience carried out by a school community could be internalized and replicated in other areas lacking afforestation along the banks of the Pitanga Creek.Peer Reviewe

Portuguese recommendations for the use of biological therapies in patients with psoriatic arthritis - 2015 update

OBJECTIVE: To update recommendationsforthe treatment of psoriatic arthritis with biological therapies, endorsed by the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology (SPR). METHODS: These treatment recommendations were formulated by Portuguese rheumatologists based on literature evidence and consensus opinion. At a national meeting the 16 recommendations included in this document were discussed and updated. The level of agreement among Portuguese Rheumatologists was assessed using an online survey. A draft of the full text of the recommendations was then circulated and suggestions were incorporated. A final version was again circulated before publication. RESULTS: A consensus was achieved regarding the initiation, assessment of response and switching biological therapies in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Specific recommendations were developed for several disease domains: peripheral arthritis, axial disease, enthesitis and dactylitis. CONCLUSION: These recommendations may be used for guidance in deciding which patients with PsA should be treated with biological therapies. They cover a rapidly evolving area oftherapeutic intervention.Asmore evidence becomes available and more biological therapies are licensed, these recommendations will have to be updated

Portuguese recommendations for the use of methotrexate in rheumatic diseases – 2016 update

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost