The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture

As práticas do "Serviço Social activo" no âmbito das novas tendências da política social: uma perspectiva portuguesa Active Social Work practices within the new social policy trends: a Portuguese perspective

Este artigo pretende discutir como a política social activa deu origem a um "serviço social activo" e que tipo de questões se levantam à profissão, tendo em conta a orientação subjacente à definição de Serviço Social da Fias. Uma das mais relevantes discussões neste domínio prende-se com a noção de empowerment segundo uma concepção que não se confina ao nível individual, mas se alarga ao nível comunitário e colectivo. A análise ensaiada baseia-se em dados recolhidos em estudos empíricos realizados em Portugal no âmbito do serviço social e da política social.<br>This article will discuss how active social policy gave birth to an "active social work" and what kind of issues it raises to the profession, taking into account the acknowledged IFSW definition of social work. One of the most relevant discussions in this realm concerns the notion of empowerment and its extent from individual to community level. The analysis will rely on data collected from empirical studies on social work and social policy in Portugal

Despatologização do gênero: a politização das identidades abjetas Depathologization of the genre: the politicization of abject identities

Apesar das mudanças políticas e sociais em relação às transexualidades e travestilidades, elas ainda são consideradas pela Associação de Psiquiatria Norte-Americana (APA) e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como transtornos mentais. Essas entidades divulgarão em 2013 as novas versões do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM - APA) e do Código Internacional de Doença (CID - OMS), o que tem mobilizado ativistas trans que reivindicam a retirada da transexualidade do rol das doenças identificáveis como transtornos mentais. A campanha Stop Trans Pathologization (Pare a Patologização!) se internacionalizou e envolvia, até o início de 2012, mais de 29 países. Neste artigo, discutiremos algumas iniciativas dessa campanha, analisaremos a ideologia de gênero presente no DSM e no CID, que incorporam o gênero como uma categoria diagnóstica, e, por fim, apresentaremos argumentos pelo fim do diagnóstico de gênero.<br>Despite the social and political changes in respect of transsexualities and tranvestilities, they are still considered by the APA (American Psychiatric Association) and by the WHO (World Health Organization) as mental disorders. These organizations will disclose in 2013 the new versions of the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - APA) and the ICD (International Code of Illness-WHO). This has mobilized trans activists claiming the withdrawal of transsexuality from the list of diseases considered as mental disorders. The Stop Trans Pathologization (Stop Pathologizing!) has become a global campaign, reaching 29 countries by early 2012. In this article, we will discuss some initiatives within this campaign and review the gender ideology present in the DSM and the ICD which incorporate the genre as a diagnostic category. Finally, we will present arguments against the gender diagnosis

Les débuts du Paléolithique supérieur dans le Sud-Ouest de la France : fouilles 2004-2006 au Piage (Fajoles, Lot). Problématique et premiers résultats.

First excavated during the 1960's, Le Piage is a key site for the Early Upper Palaeolithic in southwestern France. A recent analysis of the classic lithic assemblages led us to modify two aspects of the published stratigraphic sequence: first, there is no interstratification of Chatelperronian and Aurignacian levels, and second, between the Chatelperronian and Early Aurignacian there exists an industry comparable to the Protoaurignacian as it is defined in the Mediterranean and Pyrenean regions. From 2004 to 2006, we undertook new excavations at Le Piage in order to complete our data concerning these results. This first three-year research program has considerably modified our understanding of the site. This paper integrates the results of this program within the general research theme of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition and presents some of the results of these first three excavation seasons.Fouillé dans les années soixante, le Piage est un gisement de référence pour le Paléolithique supérieur ancien du sud-ouest de la France. L'analyse récente des séries lithiques a conduit à réviser l'interprétation de sa séquence archéostratigraphique sur deux points : absence d'interstratification Aurignacien/Châtelperronien/Aurignacien ; présence, entre le Châtelperronien et l'Aurignacien ancien, d'une industrie attribuable au Proto-Aurignacien tel qu'il est défini sur le pourtour méditerranéen et les Pyrénées. Afin de valider ces récentes interprétations et de les préciser avec de nouvelles observations et données de terrain, une reprise des fouilles a débuté au Piage en 2004. Les investigations en cours ont permis de considérablement modifier la vision jusqu'alors traditionnellement admise de ce site. Cet article vise à replacer cette reprise de fouilles dans sa problématique générale, la transition du Paléolithique moyen au Paléolithique supérieur, en rappelant la place singulière du Piage dans ces débats. Il expose ensuite quelques-uns des principaux résultats obtenus à l'issue des trois premières campagnes de terrain 2004-2006

Algumas reflexões para estabelecer a cronologia do "fenômeno transexual" (1910-1995)

O "fenômeno transexual" (Benjamin) é um indicador muito seguro das modificações históricas da percepção científica, mas também cultural e política da identidade sexual no século XX. Para apresentar uma cronologia e uma bibliografia escolhida desse fenômeno, este artigo propõe um fio condutor: a recusa sistemática das interpretações psicanalíticas do transexualismo pelos sexólogos, endocrinologistas e sociólogos que estudaram o problema.<br>The "Transsexual Phenomenon" (Benjamin) is a reliable index of the historical modifications of scientific, cultural and political perception of sexual identity in the 20th century. As an introduction to a chronology and selected bibliography of this phenomenon, I suggest a clue: the systematic denial of the relevance of psychoanalytic explanations of transsexualism by all the biologists, endocrinologists and sociologists who dealt with the problem