Co-evolution of soil and water conservation policy and human–environment linkages in the Yellow River Basin since 1949

Policy plays a very important role in natural resource management as it lays out a government framework for guiding long-term decisions, and evolves in light of the interactions between human and environment. This paper focuses on soil and water conservation (SWC) policy in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), China. The problems, rural poverty, severe soil erosion, great sediment loads and high flood risks, are analyzed over the period of 1949–present using the Driving force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework as a way to organize analysis of the evolution of SWC policy. Three stages are identified in which SWC policy interacts differently with institutional, financial and technology support. In Stage 1 (1949–1979), SWC policy focused on rural development in eroded areas and on reducing sediment loads. Local farmers were mainly responsible for SWC. The aim of Stage 2 (1980–1990) was the overall development of rural industry and SWC. A more integrated management perspective was implemented taking a small watershed as a geographic interactional unit. This approach greatly improved the efficiency of SWC activities. In Stage 3 (1991 till now), SWC has been treated as the main measure for natural resource conservation, environmental protection, disaster mitigation and agriculture development. Prevention of new degradation became a priority. The government began to be responsible for SWC, using administrative, legal and financial approaches and various technologies that made large-scale SWC engineering possible. Over the historical period considered, with the implementation of the various SWC policies, the rural economic and ecological system improved continuously while the sediment load and flood risk decreased dramatically. The findings assist in providing a historical perspective that could inform more rational, scientific and effective natural resource management going forwar

The Pest Severity, Insecticide Application, and Land Use Data for 51 Counties in China, 1991-2015

This is a compiled unique long-term panel dataset that consists of data on (i) pest severity and insecticide applications per annum per county by pest species, and (ii) land cover/use data. The counties in the database are the 51 most important cotton-growing counties, by production, in the Yangtze River valley and Yellow River valley cotton production regions, while the data covered the years 1991–2015, with complete coverage of counties in all years when cotton was cultivated. Between 2011 and 2013, eight counties in our sample stopped cultivating cotton. The number increased to 11 and 12 counties in 2014 and 2015, respectively, resulting in 47 missing records. The national cotton pests monitoring network, maintained by the Ministry of Agriculture mandates the main cotton-producing counties to collect yearly data on pest infestation levels and insecticide applications for key cotton pests following national standardized monitoring and categorization methods. Tailored scouting methods were used for different pests. In each county, 10–20 fields were selected for pest monitoring in each year. Insect populations were recorded every 3–10 days from early June to late August each year, and the seasonal average abundance across the surveyed fields were used for scoring using a five-point scale of levels I–V. Data on the number of insecticide applications targeted at specific pests were collected by interviewing farmers at each scouting to estimate yearly pest-specific total number of sprays for each county. While the detailed data collection methods and protocols should inspire confidence in the data, the reliability of the pest level data depends on the accuracy, knowledge, and honesty of the respondents, as is the case with any non–first-hand data. County-level land use data were drawn from a national land cover/use database developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using satellite remote-sensing data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper images. The database offers the most comprehensive coverage of China’s land use/cover and has been used in a number of published studies. The land use data for 6 years (1990-2015) at 5 years interval were extracted. The proportional area for each six main land use classes as well as the Shannon index for land use diversity for each county for six years was computed. Land use proportions in the intermediate years (e.g., 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, etc.) were calculated by linear interpolation between the data

Two-Photon Nanoprobes Based on Bioorganic Nanoarchitectonics with a Photo-Oxidation Enhanced Emission Mechanism

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