Influence of the textile parameters on the complex shape forming properties of flax based fabrics

This study examines the ability to develop composite parts with complex geometries without defect. An experimental approach is used to identify and quantify the defects such as buckling caused by the bending of rovings during forming. Solutions are developed to obtain a complex shape such as a tetrahedron without any defect by using specially designed flax based reinforcement architecture. However, this solution may not be sufficient for other types of shapes and that is why the optimisation of the process parameters to prevent occurrence of buckles from commercial fabrics was also investigated

Complex shape forming of a flax woven fabric; analysis of the tow buckling and misalignment defect

With the view to minimise the impact on the environment and to produce structural parts with a goodproduction-rate/cost-ratio, the sheet forming of woven flax based fabric was investigated in this study. Aflax fibre plain-weave fabric has been used to form a complex tetrahedron shape. This shape is of partic-ular interest as it contains several geometric singularities required by many automotive parts such asdouble or triple curvature and low-curvature edges. Globally, the complex tetrahedron shape wasobtained, but tow buckling (out of plane bending of tows) was observed in specific zones of the shape.The main mechanism at the origin of this defect has been defined. A reduction of the tow buckle sizewas obtained by increasing the membrane tension. The influence of fabric architecture at the mesoscopicand macroscopic scales on the appearance of the tow buckles was demonstrated and discussed. Solutionsto prevent the appearance of this defect based on the design of the fabric architecture at the tow or fabricscales were successfully proposed. As a consequence, when sheet forming of complex shapes is consid-ered, specific fabric architectures should be chosen to prevent the appearance of the buckling defec

Adiabatic elimination for multi-partite open quantum systems with non-trivial zero-order dynamics

International audienceWe provide model reduction formulas for open quantum systems consisting of a target component which weakly interacts with a strongly dissipative environment. The time-scale separation between the uncoupled dynamics and the interaction allows to employ tools from center manifold theory and geometric singular perturbation theory to eliminate the variables associated to the environment (adiabatic elimination) with high-order accuracy. An important specificity is to preserve the quantum structure: reduced dynamics in (p ositive) Lindblad form and coordinate mappings in Kraus form. We provide formulas of the reduced dynamics. Themain contributions of this paper are (i) to show how the decomposition of the environment into $K$ components enables its efficient treatment, avoiding the quantum curse of dimension; and (ii) to extend the results to the case where the target component is subject to Hamiltonian evolution at the fast time-scale. We apply our theory to a microwave superconducting quantum resonator subject to material losses, and we show that our reduced-order model can explain the transmission spectrum observed in a recent pump probe experiment

Ectopic expression of Kip-related proteins restrains root-knot nematode-feeding site expansion

The development of nematode feeding sites induced by root-knot nematodes involves the synchronized activation of cell cycle processes such as acytokinetic mitoses and DNA amplification. A number of key cell cycle genes are reported to be critical for nematode feeding site development. However, it remains unknown whether plant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors such as the Arabidopsis interactor/inhibitor of CDK (ICK)/Kip-related protein (KRP) family are involved in nematode feeding site development. This study demonstrates the involvement of Arabidopsis ICK2/KRP2 and ICK1/KRP1 in the control of mitosis to endoreduplication in galls induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. ! Using ICK/KRP promoter-GUS fusions and mRNA in situ hybridizations, we showed that ICK2/KRP2, ICK3/KRP5 and ICK4/KRP6 are expressed in galls after nematode infection. Loss-of-function mutants have minor effects on gall development and nematode reproduction. Conversely, overexpression of both ICK1/KRP1 and ICK2/KRP2 impaired mitosis in giant cells and blocked neighboring cell proliferation, resulting in a drastic reduction of gall size. ! Studying the dynamics of protein expression demonstrated that protein levels of ICK2/ KRP2 are tightly regulated during giant cell development and reliant on the presence of the nematode. ! This work demonstrates that impeding cell cycle progression by means of ICK1/KRP1 and ICK2/KRP2 overexpression severely restricts gall development, leading to a marked limitation of root-knot nematode development and reduced numbers of offsprin

Collective arbitration

Situé aux confins de plusieurs matières, l'arbitrage collectif est un inattendu mariage des genres. Baigné dans l'actualité de l'introduction et du développement des actions de groupe en droit français, le sujet de l'arbitrage collectif réinterroge l'ensemble des caractéristiques de l'arbitrage. L'arbitrage est-il, peut-il et/ou doit-il devenir le réceptacle de tout ou partie des recours collectifs tant en matière interne qu'en matière internationale ? Pour répondre à ces premières questions, il faut déterminer en premier lieu si l'arbitrage collectif existe et sous quelle(s) forme(s) avant d'envisager en second lieu l'opportunité voire la nécessité de son développement dans les matières interne et internationale. Enfin, c'est la question de la mise en oeuvre qui se pose et des aménagements qu'elle suppose, en amont à l'étape de la convention d'arbitrage, et en aval à l'étape du procès arbitral, pour répondre aux difficultés intrinsèques et extrinsèques que susciterait l'arbitrage collectif.Collective Arbitration is an unexpected association of words that touches on several matters and require a review of all the characteristics of Arbitration. Since the recent introduction and development of class actions in French law, a series of questions have arisen. It is our opinion that it cannot remain unnoticed by the arbitral community. Is, can, or should Arbitration become the receptacle of all or part of the collective redresses, both in domestic and international matters? To answer these preliminary questions, we must first determine whether collective Arbitration exists and under what form(s) before considering the opportunity or even the need for its development in domestic and international matters. Finally, the question of implementation arises. The adjustments that it implies, upstream at the arbitration agreement stage and downstream at the arbitral trial stage, respond to the intrinsic and extrinsic difficulties that would arise from collective Arbitration

Prenatal Care and Postnatal Outcome for Fetuses with Laparoschisis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relevance and the quality of gastroschisis's care in a mid level referral centre. METHOD: A retrospective analysis was performed for infants diagnosed or born with gastroschisis between 1992 and 2003 at the Citadelle hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Liege. RESULTS: Twenty-four cases of gastroschisis were identified. For 22 of them (92%) antenatal sonographic diagnosis was performed at a mean gestational age of 23 weeks. Antenatal diagnosis did not allow to identify additional malformation or chromosomal anomaly. Postnatal diagnosis allows to identify 3 infants with minor cardiac anomalies without functional consequence and one X fragile syndrome. One pregnancy was electively terminated at 24 weeks and one late intrauterine death was reported at 35 weeks. Bowel atresia, stenosis or ischemia were present at birth for 8 cases (33%). Out of 24 cases 22 were live born. 10 infants out of 22 (45%) underwent uncomplicated primary surgical repair. Three infants out of 22 (14%) underwent delayed closure without complications. Nine infants out 22 (41%) underwent multiple surgery (2 to 6). In this group all had postnatal complications, some with multisystem complications, including 3 deaths, 6 with infectious complications, 5 with gastrointestinal complications and 2 with genitourinary or haematological complications. Hospital stay range from 19 to 378 days (median, 51 days). Length of stay and time to full enteral feeding were longer if oligohydramnios or sonographic signs of intestinal damage were found. Among infants born before 35 weeks, only those with intestinal damage at birth had length of stay or time to full enteral feeding longer. Out of 22 live born infants 19 survived (86%) after one year. Survival rate without handicap due to gastroschisis is 84%. CONCLUSION: Sonographic examination is a valid method for prenatal diagnosis and surveillance. Our survival rate agrees with recent data in the literature. It has to be noticed that hospital stay is lengthy and complications are frequent. The most important prognostic factor is the condition of the bowel at birth and there is no antenatal means to predict severe damage

Caractérisation d'excipients et de compacts dans le cadre de la technologie Lauriad®

Le but de ce travail de recherche était la caractérisation précise des excipients principaux entrant dans la formulation de comprimés mucoadhésifs de la technologie Lauriad®. Une première partie sur la mucoadhésion a permis d'introduire les problématiques et les enjeux des comprimés mucoadhésifs. Deux grades d'hydroxypropylméthyl-cellulose (HPMC) de haut poids moléculaire ont été étudiés, 90SH 15000 et 90SR 15000, ainsi que deux lots de concentrés de protéines de lait. Le principal inconvénient identifié des deux familles d'excipients est leur écoulement médiocre qui à ce jour limite la fabrication des comprimés par compression directe. Ce travail a consisté en une étude physico-chimique texturale, dynamique et en compression de ces excipients. Il a été montré que le faible écoulement des protéines de lait était lié à l'agrégation des globules sur eux-mêmes, ce qui a été facilement régulé par l'ajout d'une faible quantité de glidant. Les difficultés d'écoulement de l'HPMC sont quant à elles liées à un facteur de forme très supérieur à 1 des fibres d'HPMC, qui ne peuvent être améliorées par l'ajout du glidant. L'étude de compression a montré que ces excipients possèdent des paramètres de comprimabilité optimaux à une compression industrielle. Les compacts des mélanges d'excipients présentent un retour élastique plus important que les compacts d'excipients purs. Une modélisation de la contrainte de rupture en fonction de la fraction massique en protéines de lait de mélanges binaires HPMC 90SH 15000 - protéines de lait pour trois niveaux de porosité montre que l'on peut s'affranchir d'une étude complète de résistance à la rupture lorsqu'on connaît la propriété de chacun de ces excipients purs. Au final, il a été montré qu'une alimentation forcée via la présence d'une roue crantée dans le sabot d'alimentation de la presse corrigeait les défauts d'écoulements mesurés en voluménométrie.CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF