66 research outputs found
Correction of non-linearity effects in detectors for electron spectroscopy
Using photoemission intensities and a detection system employed by many
groups in the electron spectroscopy community as an example, we have
quantitatively characterized and corrected detector non-linearity effects over
the full dynamic range of the system. Non-linearity effects are found to be
important whenever measuring relative peak intensities accurately is important,
even in the low-countrate regime. This includes, for example, performing
quantitative analyses for surface contaminants or sample bulk stoichiometries,
where the peak intensities involved can differ by one or two orders of
magnitude, and thus could occupy a significant portion of the detector dynamic
range. Two successful procedures for correcting non-linearity effects are
presented. The first one yields directly the detector efficiency by measuring a
flat-background reference intensity as a function of incident x-ray flux, while
the second one determines the detector response from a least-squares analysis
of broad-scan survey spectra at different incident x-ray fluxes. Although we
have used one spectrometer and detection system as an example, these
methodologies should be useful for many other cases.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figure
Depth-Resolved Composition and Electronic Structure of Buried Layers and Interfaces in a LaNiO/SrTiO Superlattice from Soft- and Hard- X-ray Standing-Wave Angle-Resolved Photoemission
LaNiO (LNO) is an intriguing member of the rare-earth nickelates in
exhibiting a metal-insulator transition for a critical film thickness of about
4 unit cells [Son et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 062114 (2010)]; however, such
thin films also show a transition to a metallic state in superlattices with
SrTiO (STO) [Son et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 202109 (2010)]. In order to
better understand this transition, we have studied a strained LNO/STO
superlattice with 10 repeats of [4 unit-cell LNO/3 unit-cell STO] grown on an
(LaAlO)(SrAlTaO) substrate using soft x-ray
standing-wave-excited angle-resolved photoemission (SWARPES), together with
soft- and hard- x-ray photoemission measurements of core levels and
densities-of-states valence spectra. The experimental results are compared with
state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT) calculations of band
structures and densities of states. Using core-level rocking curves and x-ray
optical modeling to assess the position of the standing wave, SWARPES
measurements are carried out for various incidence angles and used to determine
interface-specific changes in momentum-resolved electronic structure. We
further show that the momentum-resolved behavior of the Ni 3d eg and t2g states
near the Fermi level, as well as those at the bottom of the valence bands, is
very similar to recently published SWARPES results for a related
LaSrMnO/SrTiO superlattice that was studied using the
same technique (Gray et al., Europhysics Letters 104, 17004 (2013)), which
further validates this experimental approach and our conclusions. Our
conclusions are also supported in several ways by comparison to DFT
calculations for the parent materials and the superlattice, including
layer-resolved density-of-states results
Momentum-resolved electronic structure at a buried interface from soft x-ray standing-wave angle-resolved photoemission
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a powerful technique for
the study of electronic structure, but it lacks a direct ability to study
buried interfaces between two materials. We address this limitation by
combining ARPES with soft x-ray standing-wave (SW) excitation (SWARPES), in
which the SW profile is scanned through the depth of the sample. We have
studied the buried interface in a prototypical magnetic tunnel junction
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3. Depth- and momentum-resolved maps of Mn 3d eg and t2g
states from the central, bulk-like and interface-like regions of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3
exhibit distinctly different behavior consistent with a change in the Mn
bonding at the interface. We compare the experimental results to
state-of-the-art density-functional and one-step photoemission theory, with
encouraging agreement that suggests wide future applications of this technique.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures and Supplementary Informatio
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Diffraction and Holography of Photoelectrons and Fluorescent X-Rays
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Photoelectron Diffraction and Holography: Some New Directions
Photoelectron diffraction has by now become a versatile and powerful technique for studying surface structures, with special capabilities for resolving chemical and magnetic states of atoms and deriving direct structural information from both forward scattering along bond directions and back-scattering path length differences. Further fitting experiment to theory can lead to structural accuracies in the {plus_minus}0.03 ){Angstrom} range. Holographic inversions of such diffraction data also show considerable promise for deriving local three-dimensional structures around a given emitter with accuracies of {plus_minus}0.2--0.3 {Angstrom}. Resolving the photoelectron spin in some way and using circularly polarized radiation for excitation provide added dimensions for the study of magnetic systems and chiral experimental geometries. Synchrotron radiation with the highest brightness and energy resolution, as well as variable polarization, is crucial to the full exploitation of these techniques
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Diffraction and Holography with Photoelectrons and Auger Electrons: Some New Directions
The current status of photoelectron and Auger-electron diffraction is reviewed, with emphasis on new directions of activity. The use of forward scattering in the study of adsorbed molecules, epitaxial overlayers, and clean surfaces is one of the most developed applications, and one that will become more powerful as higher energy resolution and perhaps spin analysis are used to resolve emitters on the basis of chemical state, position at a surface, or magnetic state. The use of larger data sets spanning a considerable fraction of the solid angle above a surface will also much enhance the structural information available, for example, in the growth of epitaxial layers or nanostructures on surfaces. Detailed fitting of experimental data to theoretical calculations based upon either single scattering or multiple scattering should also provide more rich structural information, including such parameters as substrate interlayer relaxation. Surface phase transitions in which near-surface layers become highly disordered can also be studied, with results that are complementary to those from such techniques as low energy electron diffraction and medium energy ion scattering. Short-range magnetic order also can be probed by somehow resolving the spin of the outgoing electrons, e.g. by using multiplet-split core levels
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Photoelectron Diffraction and Holography: Some New Directions
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ELECTRONIC DENSITIES OP STATES FROM X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
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