Theory of tunneling spectroscopy in a Mn_12 single-electron transistor by density-functional theory methods

We consider tunneling transport through a Mn12 molecular magnet using spin density functional theory. A tractable methodology for constructing many-body wave functions from Kohn-Sham orbitals allows for the determination of spin-ependent matrix elements for use in transport calculations. The tunneling conductance at finite bias is characterized by peaks representing transitions between spin multiplets, separated by an energy on the order of the magnetic anisotropy. The energy splitting of the spin multiplets and the spatial part of their many-body wave functions, describing the orbital degrees of freedom of the excess charge, strongly affect the electronic transport, and can lead to negative differential conductance

Spectral properties of a generalized chGUE

We consider a generalized chiral Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (chGUE) based on a weak confining potential. We study the spectral correlations close to the origin in the thermodynamic limit. We show that for eigenvalues separated up to the mean level spacing the spectral correlations coincide with those of chGUE. Beyond this point, the spectrum is described by an oscillating number variance centered around a constant value. We argue that the origin of such a rigid spectrum is due to the breakdown of the translational invariance of the spectral kernel in the bulk of the spectrum. Finally, we compare our results with the ones obtained from a critical chGUE recently reported in the literature. We conclude that our generalized chGUE does not belong to the same class of universality as the above mentioned model.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

Ordering effect of Coulomb interaction in ballistic double-ring systems

We study a model of two concentric onedimensional rings with incommensurate areas $A_1$ and $A_2$, in a constant magnetic field. The two rings are coupled by a nonhomogeneous inter-ring tunneling amplitude, which makes the one-particle spectrum chaotic. For noninteracting particles the energy of the many-body ground state and the first excited state exhibit random fluctuations characterized by the Wigner-Dyson statistics. In contrast, we show that the electron-electron interaction orders the magnetic field dependence of these quantities, forcing them to become periodic functions, with period $\propto 1/(A_1 + A_2)$. In such a strongly correlated system the only possible source of disorder comes from charge fluctuations, which can be controlled by a tunable inter-ring gate voltage.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figures, revised text and new figures (as published

Giant valley-polarized spin splittings in magnetized Janus Pt dichalcogenides

Altres ajuts: ICN2 is funded by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.We reveal giant proximity-induced magnetism and valley-polarization effects in Janus Pt dichalcogenides (such as SPtSe), when bound to the europium oxide (EuO) substrate. Using first-principles simulations, it is surprisingly found that the charge redistribution, resulting from proximity with EuO, leads to the formation of two K and K' valleys in the conduction bands. Each of these valleys displays its own spin polarization and a specific spin texture dictated by broken inversion and time-reversal symmetries, and valley-exchange and Rashba splittings as large as hundreds of meV. This provides a platform for exploring spin-valley physics in low-dimensional semiconductors, with potential spin transport mechanisms such as spin-orbit torques much more resilient to disorder and temperature effects

Spin Excitations in La2CuO4: Consistent Description by Inclusion of Ring-Exchange

We consider the square lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet with plaquette ring exchange and a finite interlayer coupling leading to a consistent description of the spin-wave excitation spectrum in La2CuO4. The values of the in-plane exchange parameters, including ring-exchange J_{\Box}, are obtained consistently by an accurate fit to the experimentally observed in-plane spin-wave dispersion, while the out-of-plane exchange interaction is found from the temperature dependence of the sublattice magnetization at low temperatures. The fitted exchange interactions J=151.9 meV and J_{\Box}=0.24 J give values for the spin stiffness and the Neel temperature in excellent agreement with the experimental data.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, RevTe

Level Spacing Distribution of Critical Random Matrix Ensembles

We consider unitary invariant random matrix ensembles which obey spectral statistics different from the Wigner-Dyson, including unitary ensembles with slowly (~(log x)^2) growing potentials and the finite-temperature fermi gas model. If the deformation parameters in these matrix ensembles are small, the asymptotically translational-invariant region in the spectral bulk is universally governed by a one-parameter generalization of the sine kernel. We provide an analytic expression for the distribution of the eigenvalue spacings of this universal asymptotic kernel, which is a hybrid of the Wigner-Dyson and the Poisson distributions, by determining the Fredholm determinant of the universal kernel in terms of a Painleve VI transcendental function.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, REVTeX; restriction on the parameter stressed, figure replaced, refs added (v2); typos (factors of pi) in (35), (36) corrected (v3); minor changes incl. title, version to appear in Phys.Rev.E (v4

Evaluation of animal-based indicators to be used in a welfare assessment protocol for sheep

Sheep are managed under a variety of different environments (continually outdoors, partially outdoors with seasonal or diurnal variation, continuously indoors) and for different purposes, which makes assessing welfare challenging. This diversity means that resource-based indicators are not particularly useful and, thus, a welfare assessment scheme for sheep, focusing on animal-based indicators, was developed. We focus specifically on ewes, as the most numerous group of sheep present on farm, although many of the indicators may also have relevance to adult male sheep. Using the Welfare Quality\uae framework of four Principles and 12 Criteria, we considered the validity, reliability, and feasibility of 46 putative animal-based indicators derived from the literature for these criteria. Where animal-based indicators were potentially unreliably or were not considered feasible, we also considered the resource-based indicators of access to water, stocking density, and floor slipperiness. With the exception of the criteria "Absence of prolonged thirst," we suggest at least one animal-based indicator for each welfare criterion. As a minimum, face validity was available for all indicators; however, for many, we found evidence of convergent validity and discriminant validity (e.g., lameness as measured by gait score, body condition score). The reliability of most of the physical and health measures has been tested in the field and found to be appropriate for use in welfare assessment. However, for the majority of the proposed behavioral indicators (lying synchrony, social withdrawal, postures associated with pain, vocalizations, stereotypy, vigilance, response to surprise, and human approach test), this still needs to be tested. In conclusion, the comprehensive assessment of sheep welfare through largely animal-based measures is supported by the literature through the use of indicators focusing on specific aspects of sheep biology. Further work is required for some indicators to ensure that measures are reliable when used in commercial settings

A Model for Ferromagnetic Nanograins with Discrete Electronic States

We propose a simple phenomenological model for an ultrasmall ferromagnetic grain, formulated in terms of the grain's discrete energy levels. We compare the model's predictions with recent measurements of the discrete tunneling spectrum through such a grain. The model can qualitatively account for the observed features if we assume (i) that the anisotropy energy varies among different eigenstates of one grain, and (ii) that nonequilibrium spin accumulation occurs.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Nonequilibrium excitations in Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles

In recent measurements of tunneling transport through individual ferromagnetic Co nanograins, Deshmukh, Gu\'eron, Ralph et al. \cite{mandar,gueron} (DGR) observed a tunneling spectrum with discrete resonances, whose spacing was much smaller than what one would expect from naive independent-electron estimates. In a previous publication, \cite{prl_kleff} we had suggested that this was a consequence of nonequilibrium excitations, and had proposed a ``minimal model'' for ferromagnetism in nanograins with a discrete excitation spectrum as a framework for analyzing the experimental data. In the present paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the properties of this model: We delineate which many-body electron states must be considered when constructing the tunneling spectrum, discuss various nonequilibrium scenarios and compare their results with the experimental data of Refs. \cite{mandar,gueron}. We show that a combination of nonequilibrium spin- and single-particle excitations can account for most of the observed features, in particular the abundance of resonances, the resonance spacing and the absence of Zeeman splitting.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

Coulomb effects on the transport properties of quantum dots in strong magnetic field

We investigate the transport properties of quantum dots placed in strong magnetic field using a quantum-mechanical ' approach based on the 2D tight-binding Hamiltonian with direct Coulomb interaction and the Landauer-B\"{u}ttiker (LB) formalism. The electronic transmittance and the Hall resistance show Coulomb oscillations and also prove multiple addition processes. We identify this feature as the 'bunching' of electrons observed in recent experiments and give an elementary explanation in terms of spectral characteristics of the dot. The spatial distribution of the added electrons may distinguish between edge and bulk states and it has specific features for bunched electrons. The dependence of the charging energy on the number of electrons is discussed for strong and vanishing magnetic field. The crossover from the tunneling to quantum Hall regime is analyzed in terms of dot-lead coupling.Comment: 17 pages,8 figures,Revtex,submitted to Physical Review