203 research outputs found
Temperature-driven transition from a semiconductor to a topological insulator
We report on a temperature-induced transition from a conventional
semiconductor to a two-dimensional topological insulator investigated by means
of magnetotransport experiments on HgTe/CdTe quantum well structures. At low
temperatures, we are in the regime of the quantum spin Hall effect and observe
an ambipolar quantized Hall resistance by tuning the Fermi energy through the
bulk band gap. At room temperature, we find electron and hole conduction that
can be described by a classical two-carrier model. Above the onset of quantized
magnetotransport at low temperature, we observe a pronounced linear
magnetoresistance that develops from a classical quadratic low-field
magnetoresistance if electrons and holes coexist. Temperature-dependent bulk
band structure calculations predict a transition from a conventional
semiconductor to a topological insulator in the regime where the linear
magnetoresistance occurs.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Entropic Upper Bound on Gravitational Binding Energy
We prove that the gravitational binding energy {\Omega} of a self gravitating
system described by a mass density distribution {\rho}(x) admits an upper bound
B[{\rho}(x)] given by a simple function of an appropriate, non-additive
Tsallis' power-law entropic functional Sq evaluated on the density {\rho}. The
density distributions that saturate the entropic bound have the form of
isotropic q-Gaussian distributions. These maximizer distributions correspond to
the Plummer density profile, well known in astrophysics. A heuristic scaling
argument is advanced suggesting that the entropic bound B[{\rho}(x)] is unique,
in the sense that it is unlikely that exhaustive entropic upper bounds not
based on the alluded Sq entropic measure exit. The present findings provide a
new link between the physics of self gravitating systems, on the one hand, and
the statistical formalism associated with non-additive, power-law entropic
measures, on the other hand
Interplay of chiral and helical states in a Quantum Spin Hall Insulator lateral junction
We study the electronic transport across an electrostatically-gated lateral
junction in a HgTe quantum well, a canonical 2D topological insulator, with and
without applied magnetic field. We control carrier density inside and outside a
junction region independently and hence tune the number and nature of 1D edge
modes propagating in each of those regions. Outside the 2D gap, magnetic field
drives the system to the quantum Hall regime, and chiral states propagate at
the edge. In this regime, we observe fractional plateaus which reflect the
equilibration between 1D chiral modes across the junction. As carrier density
approaches zero in the central region and at moderate fields, we observe
oscillations in resistance that we attribute to Fabry-Perot interference in the
helical states, enabled by the broken time reversal symmetry. At higher fields,
those oscillations disappear, in agreement with the expected absence of helical
states when band inversion is lifted.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, supp. ma
Velocity quantization approach of the one-dimensional dissipative harmonic oscillator
Given a constant of motion for the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator with
linear dissipation in the velocity, the problem to get the Hamiltonian for this
system is pointed out, and the quantization up to second order in the
perturbation approach is used to determine the modification on the eigenvalues
when dissipation is taken into consideration. This quantization is realized
using the constant of motion instead of the Hamiltonian.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure
One-dimensional relativistic dissipative system with constant force and its quantization
For a relativistic particle under a constant force and a linear velocity
dissipation force, a constant of motion is found. Problems are shown for
getting the Hamiltoninan of this system. Thus, the quantization of this system
is carried out through the constant of motion and using the quantization of the
velocity variable. The dissipative relativistic quantum bouncer is outlined
within this quantization approach.Comment: 11 pages, no figure
A nonextensive entropy approach to solar wind intermittency
The probability distributions (PDFs) of the differences of any physical
variable in the intermittent, turbulent interplanetary medium are scale
dependent. Strong non-Gaussianity of solar wind fluctuations applies for short
time-lag spacecraft observations, corresponding to small-scale spatial
separations, whereas for large scales the differences turn into a Gaussian
normal distribution. These characteristics were hitherto described in the
context of the log-normal, the Castaing distribution or the shell model. On the
other hand, a possible explanation for nonlocality in turbulence is offered
within the context of nonextensive entropy generalization by a recently
introduced bi-kappa distribution, generating through a convolution of a
negative-kappa core and positive-kappa halo pronounced non-Gaussian structures.
The PDFs of solar wind scalar field differences are computed from WIND and ACE
data for different time lags and compared with the characteristics of the
theoretical bi-kappa functional, well representing the overall scale dependence
of the spatial solar wind intermittency. The observed PDF characteristics for
increased spatial scales are manifest in the theoretical distribution
functional by enhancing the only tuning parameter , measuring the
degree of nonextensivity where the large-scale Gaussian is approached for
. The nonextensive approach assures for experimental studies
of solar wind intermittency independence from influence of a priori model
assumptions. It is argued that the intermittency of the turbulent fluctuations
should be related physically to the nonextensive character of the
interplanetary medium counting for nonlocal interactions via the entropy
generalization.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophys.
Simple proof of gauge invariance for the S-matrix element of strong-field photoionization
The relationship between the length gauge (LG) and the velocity gauge (VG)
exact forms of the photoionization probability amplitude is considered. Our
motivation for this paper comes from applications of the Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss
(KFR) theory, which describes atoms (or ions) in a strong laser field (in the
nonrelativistic approach, in the dipole approximation). On the faith of a
certain widely-accepted assumption, we present a simple proof that the
well-known LG form of the exact photoionization (or photodetachment)
probability amplitude is indeed the gauge-invariant result. In contrast, to
obtain the VG form of this probability amplitude, one has to either (i) neglect
the well-known Goeppert-Mayer exponential factor (which assures gauge
invariance) during all the time evolution of the ionized electron or (ii) put
some conditions on the vector potential of the laser field.Comment: The paper was initially submitted (in a previous version) on 16
October 2006 to J. Phys. A and rejected. This is the extended version (with 2
figures), which is identical to the paper published online on 12 December
2007 in Physica Script
Spatially Resolved Study of Backscattering in the Quantum Spin Hall State
The discovery of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) state, and topological insulators in general, has sparked strong experimental efforts. Transport studies of the quantum spin Hall state have confirmed the presence of edge states, showed ballistic edge transport in micron-sized samples, and demonstrated the spin polarization of the helical edge states. While these experiments have confirmed the broad theoretical model, the properties of the QSH edge states have not yet been investigated on a local scale. Using scanning gate microscopy to perturb the QSH edge states on a submicron scale, we identify well-localized scattering sites which likely limit the expected nondissipative transport in the helical edge channels. In the micron-sized regions between the scattering sites, the edge states appear to propagate unperturbed, as expected for an ideal QSH system, and are found to be robust against weak induced potential fluctuations
The (Im)Possibilities of Equitable Education of Multilingual Emergent Bilinguals in Remote Teaching: A Survey of English Language Teachers in the Great Lakes Region
The purpose of this study is to identify how teachers of Emergent Bilin guals labeled “English Language Learners” (EL teachers) responded to the sudden shift to emergency remote teaching and learning (ERTL) due to COVID-19 in March 2020. Emergent Bilingual teachers from Indiana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin were surveyed during ERTL and this paper details how these specialized teachers responded to ensure continued instruction for Emergent Bilingual students. We highlight what tasks EL teachers were asked to do by their schools, colleagues, and administra tion, as well as what was needed from students and families. Specifically, we organize their responses in terms of instructional and service-oriented activities. Data offer insights into existing disparities and demands placed on EL teachers (instructional and non-instructional services) which were exacerbated and made more visible by the ERTL condition. Findings suggest that districts are overwhelmingly out of compliance with requirements to provide equitable access to education as mandated by Title VI and the Equal Educational Opportunities Act
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