Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb–nadir-matching observations

Tropospheric ozone (O₃), has two main sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Its amount and destruction are being modified by anthropogenic activity. Global measurements are needed to test our understanding of its sources and sinks. In this paper, we describe the retrieval of tropospheric O₃ columns (TOCs) from the combined limb and nadir observations (hereinafter referred to as limb–nadir-matching (LNM)) of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flew as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat (2002–2012). The LNM technique used in this study is a residual approach that subtracts stratospheric O₃ columns (SOCs), retrieved from the limb observations, from the total O₃ columns (TOZs), derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the SOCs, TOZs, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The SOCs were determined from the stratospheric O₃ profiles retrieved in the Hartley and Chappuis bands from SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The TOZs were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, but in this case from the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Comparisons of the TOCs from SCIAMACHY and collocated measurements from ozonesondes in both hemispheres between January 2003 and December 2011 show agreement to within 2–5 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 10¹⁶ molecules cm⁻²). TOC values from SCIAMACHY have also been compared to the results from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and from the LNM technique exploiting Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data (hereinafter referred to as OMI/MLS). All compared data sets agree within the given data product error range and exhibit similar seasonal variations, which, however, differ in amplitude. The spatial distributions of tropospheric O₃ in the SCIAMACHY LNM TOC product show characteristic variations related to stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes, anthropogenic activities and biospheric emissions

Child and Family Friendliness versus Ageing Society – Contradictory Demands on City Marketing in Germany?

Decker R, Kleidat CP, Bötel T. Child and Family Friendliness versus Ageing Society – Contradictory Demands on City Marketing in Germany? In: Bornemeyer C, Schneider J, eds. Aging Society and its Implications on Service Marketing: Approaches in Hospitality, Tourism and Transport. Bad Honnef: K.H. Bock; 2010: 127-141.The rapid ageing and widespread shrinkage of urban populations have a massive impact on the services and infrastructure of cities as well as on the regional competition among cities, e.g. in urban tourism. Proactive demographic and economic policies of cities therefore increasingly refer to particularly two target groups: young families and senior citizens. However, these groups, to some extent, have contradictory demands on municipal services and infrastructure. The present article discusses reasons and consequences of this phenomenon and outlines possible approaches to deal with this situation in city marketing