Mindestlohn : Für und Wider ; Schutz vor Niedriglöhnen oder Arbeitsplatzvernichter ; Für und Wider die Festsetzung eines gesetzlichen Mindestlohns ; Aufruf der Präsidenten und Direktoren der Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute

Bietet ein allgemeiner Mindestlohn Schutz vor ausländischer Niedriglohnkonkurrenz, und sorgt er für existenzsichernde Einkommen? Oder vernichtet er Arbeitsplätze und verhindert, dass existenzsichernde Einkommen erzielt werden können? Gibt es belastbare empirische Studien, und was kann die deutsche Politik aus den Erfahrungen der europäischen Nachbarn und den USA mit Mindestlöhnen lernen? Ist die Sicherung von Mindesteinkommen durch Zuschüsse eine Alternative? Das ifo Institut hat bedeutende und bekannte Ökonomen im deutschsprachigen Raum gebeten, zu diesen Fragen kurz Stellung zu nehmen. Mit der Sammlung von Argumenten, die für oder gegen die staatliche Festsetzung eines Mindestlohns sprechen und die neben arbeitsmarkttheoretischen und verhaltensökonomischen auch juristische Aspekte berücksichtigen, soll zur Versachlichung der Diskussion um den Mindestlohn beigetragen werden.Neben Mitgliedern des Sachverständigenrates zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und den Präsidenten und Direktoren einiger Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute kommen ehemalige und gegenwärtige Vorsitzende wichtiger wirtschaftspolitischer Beratungsgremien sowie international anerkannte Wissenschaftler zu Wort.Mindestlohn, Niedriglohn, Arbeitsplatz, Beschäftigungseffekt, Schwarzarbeit, Schattenwirtschaft, Ordnungspolitik, Arbeitslosigkeit, Arbeitsmarkt, Reform, Dumping, Arbeitnehmer, Armut, Humankapital, Arbeitsangebot, Sozialstaat, Deutschland

Motor, cognitive and mobility deficits in 1000 geriatric patients : protocol of a quantitative observational study before and after routine clinical geriatric treatment – the ComOn-study

© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Background: Motor and cognitive deficits and consequently mobility problems are common in geriatric patients. The currently available methods for diagnosis and for the evaluation of treatment in this vulnerable cohort are limited. The aims of the ComOn (COgnitive and Motor interactions in the Older populatioN) study are (i) to define quantitative markers with clinical relevance for motor and cognitive deficits, (ii) to investigate the interaction between both motor and cognitive deficits and (iii) to assess health status as well as treatment outcome of 1000 geriatric inpatients in hospitals of Kiel (Germany), Brescia (Italy), Porto (Portugal), Curitiba (Brazil) and Bochum (Germany). Methods: This is a prospective, explorative observational multi-center study. In addition to the comprehensive geriatric assessment, quantitative measures of reduced mobility and motor and cognitive deficits are performed before and after a two week's inpatient stay. Components of the assessment are mobile technology-based assessments of gait, balance and transfer performance, neuropsychological tests, frailty, sarcopenia, autonomic dysfunction and sensation, and questionnaires to assess behavioral deficits, activities of daily living, quality of life, fear of falling and dysphagia. Structural MRI and an unsupervised 24/7 home assessment of mobility are performed in a subgroup of participants. The study will also investigate the minimal clinically relevant change of the investigated parameters. Discussion: This study will help form a better understanding of symptoms and their complex interactions and treatment effects in a large geriatric cohort.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Barrier Tissue Macrophages: Functional Adaptation to Environmental Challenges

Macrophages are found throughout the body, where they have crucial roles in tissue development, homeostasis and remodeling, as well as being sentinels of the innate immune system that can contribute to protective immunity and inflammation. Barrier tissues, such as the intestine, lung, skin and liver, are exposed constantly to the outside world, which places special demands on resident cell populations such as macrophages. Here we review the mounting evidence that although macrophages in different barrier tissues may be derived from distinct progenitors, their highly specific properties are shaped by the local environment, which allows them to adapt precisely to the needs of their anatomical niche. We discuss the properties of macrophages in steady-state barrier tissues, outline the factors that shape their differentiation and behavior and describe how macrophages change during protective immunity and inflammation

Physiolytics at the workplace : Affordances and constraints of wearables use from an employee’s perspective

Wearables paired with data analytics and machine learning algorithms which measure physiological (and other) parameters are slowly finding their way into our workplace. Several studies have reported positive effects from using such “physiolytics” devices and purported the notion that it may lead to significant workplace safety improvements or to increased awareness among employees concerning unhealthy work practices and other job-related health and well-being issues. At the same time, physiolytics may cause an over-dependency on technology and create new constraints on privacy, individuality, and personal freedom. While it is easy to understand why organizations are implementing physiolytics, it remains unclear what employees think about using wearables at their workplace. Using an affordance theory lens, we, therefore, explore the mental models of employees who are faced with the introduction of physiolytics as part of corporate wellness or security programs. We identify five distinct user types each of which characterizes a specific viewpoint on physiolytics at the workplace: the freedom-loving, the individualist, the cynical, the tech-independent, and the balancer. Our findings allow for better understanding the wider implications and possible user responses to the introduction of wearable technologies in occupational settings and address the need for opening up the “user black box” in IS use research

Perivascular macrophages in health and disease

Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that are capable of carrying out distinct functions in different tissues, as well as in different locations within a given tissue. Some of these tissue macrophages lie on, or close to, the outer (abluminal) surface of blood vessels and perform several crucial activities at this interface between the tissue and the blood. In steady-state tissues, these perivascular macrophages maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells and limit vessel permeability, phagocytose potential pathogens before they enter tissues from the blood and restrict inappropriate inflammation. They also have a multifaceted role in diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Here, we examine the important functions of perivascular macrophages in various adult tissues and describe how these functions are perturbed in a broad array of pathological conditions

FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis are fully functional and not reduced in frequency

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is not understood, but it was suggested that AIH may be related to a numerical or functional impairment of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which are important mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. However, the role of Treg in AIH is not clear, since earlier studies reporting Treg impairment had used only CD25 as marker that cannot unambiguously distinguish Treg from activated effector T cells. METHODS: We assessed the frequency and suppressor function of Treg using current staining protocols that can distinguish Treg from activated effector T cells. RESULTS: The frequency of CD4+CD25(high)CD127(low)FOXP3+ Treg cells in blood of AIH patients was not reduced compared to healthy subjects, as shown by flow cytometry and confirmed by quantifying Treg-specific demethylation of the FOXP3 gene. Moreover, the suppressor function of Treg isolated from AIH patients was similar to that of Treg isolated from healthy subjects, indicating that Treg function was not impaired in AIH patients. However, we observed that the Treg frequency was significantly higher in those AIH patients with active disease than in those who were in a state of remission, suggesting that the Treg frequency may increase with the degree of inflammation. Indeed, analysis of FOXP3+ Treg in liver histology revealed that the intrahepatic Treg frequency was higher in AIH patients than in NASH patients and correlated with the inflammatory activity of the liver. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency and function of circulating Treg cells is not impaired in AIH