Cheminement des eaux superficielles et télédétection pour la modélisation hydrologique distribuée

Communication invitée lors du 13. International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling: 2008; Montpellier, France: 2008/07/23-25Les cheminements superficiels des eaux sont de mieux en mieux décrits à partir des informations spatiales. En particulier les MNT à très haute résolution spatiale apportent des données nouvelles qui autorisent une description fine des réseaux d'écoulement superficiel et donc l'intégration de ces structures dans les modélisations hydrologiques distribuées. Mais si les techniques numériques d'observation ont fait de grands progrès dans les années passées, par contre il n'en est pas de même pour les concepts en modélisation et les expérimentations de terrain, ce qui provoque un point de blocage pour une réelle utilisation des données de télédétection finement résolues dans les modèles. Le développement de nouvelles techniques de mesure sur le terrain, de type low cost et réseaux communicants, est porteur de renouveau dans ce domaine. / Water paths are better and better described through spatial data. High resolution DTM are a good solution for mapping fine water networks and their integration into hydrological modelling. But if, in past years, big progresses concerned spatial data techniques, on the other hand they did concern concepts in modelling and ground experiments. And this is a difficulty for a real use of remote sensing data into finely resolved models. New possibilities are carrying revival in this field, through development of low cost ground techniques and communicating wireless networks

Remote sensing techniques in the mapping of vegetation and their application to runoff evolution in burnt areas

South of experimental forested catchments named "Réal Collo-  brier" was destroyed by fire in August 1990. Partially or entirely bumt catchments became an interesting field to study links between vegetation and runoff. An experimental program was built on two axis : - use of remote sensing techniques to map limits of bumt areas  and recovery of vegetation, year after year.- link between vegetation and runoff. The first investigations were done on two bumt catchments (Rimbaud and Meffrey), using a runoff model fitted with data before fire. This model has permitted to compare new data (observed after fire) with the ones we would have observed without fire, for the months just after fire (1990, direct effect of fire) and the year after (1991, effect of vegetation recovery

Remote sensing techniques in the mapping of vegetation and their application to runoff evolution in burnt areas

South of experimental forested catchments named "Réal Collo-  brier" was destroyed by fire in August 1990. Partially or entirely bumt catchments became an interesting field to study links between vegetation and runoff. An experimental program was built on two axis : - use of remote sensing techniques to map limits of bumt areas  and recovery of vegetation, year after year.- link between vegetation and runoff. The first investigations were done on two bumt catchments (Rimbaud and Meffrey), using a runoff model fitted with data before fire. This model has permitted to compare new data (observed after fire) with the ones we would have observed without fire, for the months just after fire (1990, direct effect of fire) and the year after (1991, effect of vegetation recovery

Robust badlands thalwegs network extraction from DTM for topological characterisation

International audienceThis paper presents methods to extract badlands thalwegs network from regular grid DTM by combining a terrain morphology indices to a drainage algorithm. The computation of a continuous vector network will permit the study of the badlands spatial patterns. Thess methods aim at delineating a thalweg only where the DTM denotes a significant curvature with respect to DTM accuracy. It relies on three major steps. Firstly, discontinuous concave areas are detected from the DTM using morphological criteria; the plan curvature and the convergence index . Secondly, the concave convergence areas are connected using a drainage algorithm which provides continuous and tree-structured thick scheme. We assume that these areas present physical significance and corresponds to a gully floor area. Finally, the thick path is reduced to its main curve and vectorised to obtain a thalwegs network. The methods are applied on both virtual and actual cases DTM. The actual case is a LiDAR DTM of Draix Badlands (French Alps). The obtained networks are quantitatively compared both to the one obtained with usual drainage area criteria and to a reference network. The networks comparison shows the great potential of the converge index based method for thalweg network extraction

Environment, morphology and stellar populations of bulgeless low surface brightness galaxies

Based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR 7, we investigate the environment, morphology and stellar population of bulgeless low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies in a volume-limited sample with redshift ranging from 0.024 to 0.04 and $M_r$ $\leq$ $-18.8$. The local density parameter $\Sigma_5$ is used to trace their environments. We find that, for bulgeless galaxies, the surface brightness does not depend on the environment. The stellar populations are compared for bulgeless LSB galaxies in different environments and for bulgeless LSB galaxies with different morphologies. The stellar populations of LSB galaxies in low density regions are similar to those of LSB galaxies in high density regions. Irregular LSB galaxies have more young stars and are more metal-poor than regular LSB galaxies. These results suggest that the evolution of LSB galaxies may be driven by their dynamics including mergers rather than by their large scale environment.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures, Accepted by A&

A hierarchical graph matching method to assess accuracy of network extraction from DTM

International audienceMore and more elevation data and methods are available to automatically map hydrographic or thalweg networks. However, there are few methods to assess the network quality. The most used method to compare an extracted network to a reference network gives global quality information on only geographic criterion. The method proposed in this paper allows a network assessment compared to a reference network whose results can be interpreted more easily and more related to networks morphologies. This method is based on a hierarchical node matching within a graph. Nodes are classified by hierarchical level according to their importance in the tree-structured network. Then, a matching process seeks for nodes pairs between the two networks based on the geographic distance. The hierarchy introduces a priority order in the matching. The relative location of nodes pairs is checked in order to ensure a topological consistency. Finally, similarity statistics based on nodes matching counts are computed. While the usual method only takes into account a geographic criterion, the presented method integrates geographic, geometric and topologic criteria. It is an interactive and object-by-object matching. Moreover, the hierarchical approach helps comparing networks represented at different scales. It provides global statistics but also step-by-step maps that helps characterizing the spatial distribution of network delineation errors

Extraction of thalweg networks from DTMs: application to badlands

Contact: [email protected] study gully spatial patterns in the badlands using a continuous thalweg vector network, this paper presents methods to extract the badlands' thalweg network from a regular grid digital terrain model (DTM) by combining terrain morphology indices with a drainage algorithm. This method will delineate a thalweg only where the DTM denotes a significant curvature with respect to DTM accuracy and relies on three major steps. First, discontinuous concave areas were detected from the DTM using morphological criteria, either the plan curvature or the convergence index. Second, the concave areas were connected using a drainage algorithm, which provides a continuous, thick, tree-structured scheme. We assumed that these areas were physically significant and corresponded to a gully floor. Finally, the thick path was reduced to its main course and vectorised to obtain a thalweg network. The methods were applied to both virtual and actual DTM cases. The actual case was a LiDAR DTM of the Draix badlands in the French Alps. The obtained networks were quantitatively compared, both with a network obtained using the usual drainage area criteria and with a reference network mapped in the field. The CI-based network showed the great potential for thalweg network extraction

IMAGES I. Strong evolution of galaxy kinematics since z=1

(abbreviated) We present the first results of the ESO large program, ``IMAGES'' which aims at obtaining robust measurements of the kinematics of distant galaxies using the multi-IFU mode of GIRAFFE on the VLT. 3D spectroscopy is essential to robustly measure the often distorted kinematics of distant galaxies (e.g., Flores et al. 2006). We derive the velocity fields and $\sigma$-maps of 36 galaxies at 0.4<z<0.75 from the kinematics of the [OII] emission line doublet, and generate a robust technique to identify the nature of the velocity fields based on the pixels of the highest signal-to-noise ratios (S/N). We have gathered a unique sample of 63 velocity fields of emission line galaxies (W0([OII]) > 15 A) at z=0.4-0.75, which are a representative subsample of the population of M_stellar>1.5x10^{10} M_sun emission line galaxies in this redshift range, and are largely unaffected by cosmic variance. Taking into account all galaxies -with or without emission lines- in that redshift range, we find that at least 41+/-7% of them have anomalous kinematics, i.e., they are not dynamically relaxed. This includes 26+/-7% of distant galaxies with complex kinematics, i.e., they are not simply pressure or rotationally supported. Our result implies that galaxy kinematics are among the most rapidly evolving properties, because locally, only a few percent of the galaxies in this mass range have complex kinematics.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures, Accepted by A&

High quality factor copper inductors integrated in deep dry-etched quartz substrates

This paper reports on an inductor fabrication method capable to deliver high quality factor (Q) and high self-resonance frequency (SRF) devices using quartz insulating substrates and thick high-conductivity copper lines. Inductors are key devices in RF circuits that, when fabricated on traditional semiconductor substrates, suffer from poor RF performances due to thin metallization and substrate related losses. Many previous works revealed that RF performances are strongly dependent on the limited metallization thickness and on the conductivity of the substrate. In this paper we demonstrate a new fabrication process to improve the Q factor of spiral inductors by patterning thick high conductive metal layers directly in a dielectric substrate. Moreover, we develop and validate accurate equivalent circuit modeling and parameter extraction for the characterization of the fabricated device