Aportes desde las neurociencias para la comprensión de los procesos de aprendizaje en los contextos educativos

In the current scientific literature refers to the contributions from the Neurosciences for the understanding of learning processes. This is how, as well as from the branches of Neurosciences, such as Cognitive Neuroscience, specific contributions are bornthat facilitates the understanding of these processes. On the other hand, Neuroeducation as a new discipline proposes to take these contributions from the Neurosciences for the improvement of educational practices, and thereby optimize learning. The objective of this article is to analyze the theoretical contributions in force from the Neurosciences, to understand the learning situated in educational contexts. For this, the relationship of the concepts Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroeducation is alluded to. In addition, the main contributions from the Neurosciences are analyzed to understand the processes of neuroplasticity, and the impact of emotions, sleep quality, physical activity and social contexts in learning. Finally, we discuss the importance of these contributions and how they guide the teaching role and educational practices so that they allow for meaningful learning.En la actual literatura científica se alude a los aportes desde las Neurociencias para la comprensión de los procesos de aprendizaje. Es así, como también desde las ramas de las Neurociencias tales como la Neurociencia Cognitiva, nacen aportes específicos que facilitan la comprensión de estos procesos. Por otra parte, la Neuroeducación como nueva disciplina propone tomar estos aportes desde las Neurociencias para la mejora de las prácticas educativas, y con ello optimizar los aprendizajes. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los aportes teóricos vigentes desde las Neurociencias, para comprender el aprendizaje situado en los contextos educativos. Para ello, se alude a la relación de los conceptos Neurociencias, Neurociencia Cognitiva y Neuroeducación. Además, se analizan los principales aportes desde las Neurociencias para comprender los procesos de neuroplasticidad, y el impacto de las emociones, la calidad del sueño, la actividad física y los contextos sociales en el aprendizaje. Por último, se discute sobre la importancia de estos aportes y de qué modo orientan el rol docente y las prácticas educativas para que permitan el alcance de aprendizajes significativos.

ANÁLISIS CLÍNICO Y ECONÓMICO DE LA HISTERECTOMÍA ABDOMINAL VERSUS LA HISTERECTOMÍA VAGINAL EN EL HOSPITAL CLÍNICO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE: REVISIÓN DE 2.338 CASOS

Antecedentes: La histerectomía es una intervención quirúrgica frecuente y de alto costo. Después de la operación cesárea, es el segundo procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente en ginecología. Objetivos: Evaluar la relación costo/efectividad de la histerectomía vaginal versus la histerectomía abdominal. Método: Estudio retrospectivo observacional, en 2.338 pacientes sometidas a histerectomía por patología benigna en el Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, en el período comprendido entre enero de 1997 a diciembre de 2005. Se analizaron variables clínicas y de costo entre las dos vías de abordaje. Resultados: La edad de las pacientes fluctuó entre 27 y 86 años. De las 2.338 histerectomías, la vía vaginal correspondió al 36,9% y la abdominal en el 63,1%; con una tasa de complicaciones de 29,8/100 mujeres operadas vaginalmente y de 42,8/100 mujeres operadas abdominalmente. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere que el abordaje vaginal se asoció a tiempos operatorios más cortos, menor número de complicaciones y a costos más bajos que la vía abdomina

The white dwarf binary pathways survey IV: three close white dwarf binaries with G-type secondary stars

Constraints from surveys of post common envelope binaries (PCEBs) consisting of a white dwarf plus an M-dwarf companion have led to significant progress in our understanding of the formation of close white dwarf binary stars with low-mass companions. The white dwarf binary pathways project aims at extending these previous surveys to larger secondary masses, i.e. secondary stars of spectral type AFGK. Here we present the discovery and observational characterization of three PCEBs with G-type secondary stars and orbital periods between 1.2 and 2.5 days. Using our own tools as well as MESA we estimate the evolutionary history of the binary stars and predict their future. We find a large range of possible evolutionary histories for all three systems and identify no indications for differences in common envelope evolution compared to PCEBs with lower mass secondary stars. Despite their similarities in orbital period and secondary spectral type, we estimate that the future of the three systems are very different: TYC 4962-1205-1 is a progenitor of a cataclysmic variable system with an evolved donor star, TYC 4700-815-1 will run into dynamically unstable mass transfer that will cause the two stars to merge, and TYC 1380-957-1 may appear as super soft source before becoming a rather typical cataclysmic variable star

Country-specific environmental Kuznets curves: a random coefficient approach applied to high-income countries

Cross-country estimations of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) to empirically analyze the relationship between income and pollution have generally assumed a common structure for all countries. Since this latter feature is not supported by economic theory, this paper uses the Random Coefficient Model proposed by Swamy (1970) and empirically estimates EKCs for sulfur dioxide with specific turning points from a sample of 73 high and low income countries. A crucial aspect is that there are large differences between the estimated turning points of the EKCs for the different countries in the sample, which points to the relevance of using the approach employed here since assuming a common structure for all countries erroneously hides this relevant empirical feature. Moreover, the analysis of the structure of the EKCs estimated suggests that regulatory processes resembling market mechanisms could induce the empirical emergence of EKCs. Finally, taking into consideration the most recent concerns in the literature, we econometrically checked, on the one hand, for the validity of the usual theoretical assumption of exogeneity of the per capita income variable in the EKC relationship and, on the other hand, for an eventual structural change causing the sign change in the pollution-per capita income relationship of the EKC. The weak exogeneity and the structural break tests employed rendered plausible that income per capita is really the driver variable determining the EKC relationship found. Key words: Environmental Kuznets Curve, random coefficientsLas estimaciones que utilizan datos de grupos de países para comprobar la existencia de la Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (en inglés, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)), la que empíricamente analiza la relación entre ingreso y contaminación, en general asumen una estructura común para todos los países. Sin embargo, como este supuesto no se deriva de la teoría económica y contradice la intuición, en este trabajo se emplea el modelo de Coeficientes Aleatorios propuesto por Swamy (1970) para estimar empíricamente las EKCs para SO2 (dióxido de sulfuro) y los puntos de quiebre específicos a partir de una muestra de 73 países de alto y bajo nivel de ingreso. Un hallazgo crucial es que existen amplias desigualdades entre los puntos de quiebre estimados de las EKCs para los diferentes países en la muestra, lo cual indica la relevancia del enfoque empleado porque el supuesto usual de una estructura común para todos los países erróneamente esconde esta característica empíricamente relevante. Más aún, el análisis de la estructura de las EKCs estimadas sugiere que procesos reguladores que replican mecanismos de mercado pueden inducir la emergencia de EKCs en los países que implementan tales procesos. Finalmente, para hacerse cargo de los cuestionamientos más recientes en la literatura, este trabajo testea econométricamente, por una parte, la validez del supuesto teórico usual de la exogeneidad de la variable de ingreso per cápita en la relación de EKC, y, por otra, la eventualidad de que un cambio estructural sea responsable del cambio de signo en la relación contaminación-ingreso per cápita de la EKC. Los tests de exogeneidad débil y de quiebre estructural empleados indican la plausibilidad de que la variable de ingreso per cápita sea realmente la variable causante que determina la relación de EKC encontrada

Empirical Site Classification of CSN Network Using Strong‐Motion Records

The National Seismological Center of the University of Chile (CSN, Centro Sismológico Nacional) has been operating more than 400 seismic stations throughout the country. The data collected from this network, from March 2012 to August 2017, includes more than 4000 Chilean strong‐motion records, from more than 1000 events (magnitudes ranging from 4.0 up to 8.3). In this study, we use this data set and classify 118 stations from this network, using the horizontal‐to‐vertical response spectral ratio (HVRSR) of strong‐motion records. This classification considers not only the predominant period obtained from the average HVRSR but also the peak amplitude from this curve. The results indicate no correlation between the two parameters, despite the common practice of combining all curves with similar predominant periods. Even more, we believe that relevant information of the site’s impedance contrast between the soil and bedrock is lost in the process of averaging HVRSR curves from different stations

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis Affects Quality of Life. A Case-Control Study

César Rivera,1 Mariagrazia Muñoz-Pastén,2 Esteban Núñez-Muñoz,2 Romina Hernández-Olivos2 1Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; 2Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Talca, Talca, ChileCorrespondence: César Rivera, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Lircay Av. S/N, Office No. 8, Talca, Maule Region, 3460000, Chile, Tel/Fax +56 71 2418855, Email [email protected]: To determine the impact of recurrent aphthous stomatitis on quality of life related to oral health, and then to determine the relationship between the observed impact and lesions characteristics.Methods: In this prospective case-control study (n=62), patients were divided into a healthy group (people with no history of ulcers) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (people who had an active ulcer at study entry). The latter were also evaluated when the lesion disappeared (remission stage). We record the quality of life in all groups using the impact profile of oral health in its abbreviated Spanish version (OHIP-14SP). Finally, we correlate the clinical characteristics of the lesions with the levels of quality of life.Results: All the lesions were of the minor morphological type. Most of the lesions were located on the lining mucosa, primarily on the lips. Patients report a lower quality of life during ulcer episodes compared to ulcer-free periods, and this impact is positively related to the number and size of lesions.Conclusion: We concluded that recurrent aphthous stomatitis increased the negative effects of oral health on the quality of life of patients. The number and size of ulcers are responsible for this impact. Our results suggest that, if intervened locally, general relief of the condition could be achieved.Keywords: aphthous ulcers, quality of life, health-related quality of life, case-control studie

Geophysical characterization of the chilean seismological stations: first results

The Chilean Seismological Network has been rapidly growing in recent years, going from a few dozens stations working before 2010 to nearly a 100 installed all over the territory. Even more, nearly 300 strong-motion stations from the Accelerographic National Network have recently complemented this network, mainly deployed in large cities, at a variety of site conditions. All of these stations are currently providing useful information of Chilean earthquakes and are expected to record moderate-to-large events. However, the lack of appropriate site characterization sets an important limit to its usefulness. In this work, we present the geophysical characterization of 163 stations, the first results of larger effort to complete the characterization at all sites, based on array measurements of microtremors and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios. This information will help improve our understanding of the dynamic behavior of soils during earthquakes, providing relevant information for seismic design and seismic codes.National Fund for Scientific and Technological Research (FONDECYT) Project 117043

Removal of Pharmaceuticals from an Aqueous Matrix by Adsorption on Metal–Organic Framework MIL-100(Cr)

In this work, the new class of porous materials MIL-100(Cr) was synthetized using a solvent-free methodology to evaluate the removal of the pharmaceutical contaminants Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Metformin, or Carbamazepine from aqueous sources. This adsorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterization technique results indicated that the synthesized MIL-100(Cr) has a non-uniform structure of different sizes as well as a low crystallinity structure and is thermally stable up to ~ 300 °C with a surface negatively charged in the assay pH range and the presence of two types of cavities, pentagonal and hexagonal, with sizes of 1.10 nm and 1.49 nm. The results of adsorption demonstrated higher values of Carbamazepine, Paracetamol, and Ibuprofen on MIL-100(Cr) with values of 21 mg L−1, 20 mg L−1, and 17 mg L−1, respectively, while in the case of Metformin, a lower value of 12 mg L−1 was observed. The differences in the adsorption values were explained by different interactions between the pharmaceutical compounds and the MIL-100(Cr), such as π–π and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Despite the low crystallinity observed in MIL-100(Cr), due to synthesis solvent-free methodologies used, this material maintains the structural and physicochemical characteristics required to be utilized as an adsorbent of pharmaceutical contaminants from aqueous solutions. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The authors are grateful to DI 039.321/2023 VINCI-PUCV.Peer reviewe

Effect of genetic background on onset and disease progression in the SDO1-G93A model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Knowledge of the potential effect of genetic background in disease models is important. The SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse is the most widely used model in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since these animals show considerable variability both in the onset and the progression of the disease, this study aimed to characterize the potential differences between the two most widely used strains, C56BL/6 (B6) and B6SJL. A rotarod test was carried out to assess strength and motor coordination, while electrophysiology tests were performed to evaluate the function of upper and lower motor neurons. Survival of the animals and motor neuron loss were also studied. The results did not show any background effect regarding the rotarod test, despite the differences in the pattern of decline in central and peripheral motor conduction. The onset of motor neuron abnormalities was later in B6SJL mice, but progressed more rapidly. Lifespan was longer for B6 than for B6SJL animals. In conclusion, background differences in disease onset and progression are important. The characteristics of the strain should be taken into account in experimental design of therapeutic studies