Influence of Soya Oil Blended with Fish Oil on Growth Performance and Lipid Profile of Red Sea Bream Pagrus major

Continuous increase in fish feed prices due to deterioration of fish oil sources and quality catalyzes intensive research efforts to study alternatives for dietary fish oil such as soya oil.  Being rich in linolenic acid (C18:2n-6), soya oil has a competitive edge as an arachidonic acid (ARA) precursor. A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soya oil as a substitute for fish oil on growth performance and lipid composition of juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major.  Four types of iso-nitrogenous experimental diets formulated in this feeding trial consisted of 100% fish oil (10F), 80% fish oil and 20% soya oil (8F2S), 60% fish oil and 40% soya oil (6F4S), and finally, 40% fish oil and 60% soya oil (4F6S). All diets were fed to triplicate groups of 15 red seabream with an initial mean weight of 4.9 ± 0.1 g twice daily to apparent satiation. Our results demonstrated that inclusion of soya oil as a lipid source to partially replace fish oil in red seabream diet led to the highest body weight gain (BWG) in 10F (837.2 ± 2.2%), followed by 8F2S (786.9 ± 38.3%), 6F4S (764.6 ± 5.2%) and 4F6S (682.0 ± 17.2%), respectively, without any significant differences among 10F, 8F2S and 6F4S. Soya oil inclusion also gradually decreased BWG and specific growth rate (SGR); both BWG and SGR in 4F6S were significantly lower than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) showed no significant differences among treatments. Survival rate of all treatments exceeded 90% although the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in 4F6S was significantly higher than other treatments and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) increased gradually with a higher inclusion of soya oil. Lipid deposition in the whole body was the highest in fish fed with dietary 10F and decreased in relation to the elevated concentration of soya oil in diets. The ventral muscles had doubled the amount of lipid deposition as compared to dorsal muscles. Dominance of saturates among total fatty acid composition particularly C16:0, was similarly observed in the dorsal and ventral muscles as well as the liver. Saturates, monoenes, n-3 and ratio of n-3/n-6 observed have a similar gradient degradation in the dorsal and ventral muscles and the liver. An inverse relationship of inclusion level of soya oil on eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in both dorsal and ventral muscles including the liver was also observed. In conclusion, diets not exceeding 40% soya oil are suitable as fish oil replacement in the diet of juvenile red seabream without significantly affecting the overall growth performance of this fish. Keywords: Pagrus major, red seabream, soya oil, growth performances, lipid profile ABSTRAK Kenaikan harga makanan ikan yang berterusan akibat kekurangan sumber dan juga kualiti minyak ikan, telah menggalakkan lebih banyak penyelidikan untuk mengkaji minyak soya sebagai sumber alternatif kepada minyak ikan. Kekayaan sumber asid linolenik (C18:2n-6) telah menjadikan minyak soya sebagai pelopor kepada asid arakidonik (ARA). Satu kajian pemakanan selama 50 hari telah dijalankan untuk menilai kesan pemakanan dengan menggunakan minyak soya ke atas tumbesaran dan komposisi lemak dalam ikan merah, Pagrus major juvenil. Empat jenis diet kajian iso-nitrogenus telah diformulasikan dalam kajian ini; yang terdiri daripada 100% minyak ikan (10F), 80% minyak ikan dan 20% minyak soya (8F2S), 60% minyak ikan dan 40% minyak soya (6F4S), dan 40% minyak ikan dan 60% minyak soya (4F6S). Semua diet telah diberikan dua kali sehari sehingga kenyang kepada sejumlah 15 ekor ikan merah dengan purata berat awal 4.9 + 0.1 g secara triplikat. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan minyak soya sebagai sumber lemak untuk menggantikan sebahagian sumber minyak ikan dalam ikan merah telah memberikan BWG dalam perlakuan 10F (837.2 + 2.2%), diikuti dengan 8F2S (786.9 + 38.3%), 6F4S (764.6 + 5.2%) dan 4F6S (682.0 + 17.2%), masing-masing, tanpa perbezaan yang bererti di antara perlakuan 10F, 8F2S and 6F4S. Penggunaan minyak soya juga mengurangkan BWG dan SGR secara perlahan-lahan; kedua-dua BWG and SGR dalam perlakuan 4F6S menunjukkan nilai rendah yang bererti berbanding perlakuan yang lain. Nisbah penukaran makanan (FCR) dan kadar pengambilan makanan (FI) telah menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang bererti di antara semua perlakuan. Kadar kemandirian untuk semua perlakuan adalah melebihi 90% walaupun indeks hepatosomatik (HSI) dalam perlakuan 4F6S adalah lebih tinggi secara bererti berbanding perlakuan yang lain, dan serum glutamik-oksaloasetik transaminase (GOT) pula berkurangan dengan penambahan minyak soya. Pengumpulan lemak di keseluruhan tubuh adalah tertinggi dalam ikan yang diberi makanan 10F dan berkurangan dengan penambahan kepekatan minyak soya dalam diet. Kandungan lemak pada otot ventral juga telah meningkat sebanyak dua kali ganda berbanding dengan pada otot dorsal. Kandungan saturat dari jumlah komposisi asid lemak terutamanya C16:0 adalah lebih dominan pada otot dorsal, otot ventral dan hati. Saturat, monoene, n-3 dan nisbah n-3/n-6 telah menunjukkan kecerunan degradasi yang sama pada otot dorsal, otot ventral dan hati. Peningkatan minyak soya menyebabkan kesan songsang terhadap aras asid eikosapentanoik (EPA) and asid dokosaheksanoik (DHA) di kedua-dua otot dorsal dan ventral dan juga hati. Sebagai kesimpulan, diet yang mengandungi minyak soya tidak melebihi 40% adalah paling sesuai sebagai pengganti minyak ikan tanpa memberi kesan yang bererti kepada tumbesaran ikan merah juvenil. Kata kunci: Pagrus major, ikan merah, minyak soya, tumbesaran, profil lipid

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