Survey and Service on STD/HIV/AIDS in Namungo Mines,Lindi Region

Namungo is small-scale mining in Ruangwa district, Lindi Region, with deposits of green gemstone (tsavorite). About 400 men and women are living in temporary settlements. In August 2001, an STD/HIV/AIDS workplace intervention started which comprised of: A baseline KAP study with villagers and miners, A survey on infection rates with Syphilis and HIV, Treatment of patients with STD, An educational campaign and Development of plans for continuos collaboration between the mine and the health system. The KAP-study showed that 81% of respondents knew that sexual intercourse/sex without a condom is the main mode of HIV transmission. 80% correctly started that a person infected with HIV can remain a symptomatic for a long period. Half of them responded to had paid sex with more than one partner during the last 12 mouth. Those reporting having used a condom in the past 3 month were 48%. 92% of the respondents reported willingness for Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) to know their HIV status. From 429 people who had came with symptoms of STDs most were treated for discharge syndrome (40% males,24 females) and for genital ulcers (38% in males and females) Testing and counseling for syphilis and HIV was offered to STD clients and volunteers. Infection rates were high in both groups, STD patients and volunteers with 18% for syphilis and 17% for HIV. The highest prevalence with 38% was found in women 30-34 years of age. The high infection rates, risky behavior and a high mobility of the people involved are a challenge to claim holders, health authorities and communities in the vicinity. Regular interventions urgently needed

DATS - data containers for web applications

Data containers enable users to control access to their data while untrusted applications compute on it. However, they require replicating an application inside each container - compromising functionality, programmability, and performance. We propose DATS - a system to run web applications that retains application usability and efficiency through a mix of hardware capability enhanced containers and the introduction of two new primitives modeled after the popular model-view-controller (MVC) pattern. (1) DATS introduces a templating language to create views that compose data across data containers. (2) DATS uses authenticated storage and confinement to enable an untrusted storage service, such as memcached and deduplication, to operate on plain-text data across containers. These two primitives act as robust declassifiers that allow DATS to enforce non-interference across containers, taking large applications out of the trusted computing base (TCB). We showcase eight different web applications including Gitlab and a Slack-like chat, significantly improve the worst-case overheads due to application replication, and demonstrate usable performance for common-case usage

On the origin of the extremely different solubilities of polyethers in water

The solubilities of polyethers are surprisingly counter-intuitive. The best-known example is the difference between polyethylene glycol ([–CH2–CH2–O–]n) which is infinitely soluble, and polyoxymethylene ([–CH2–O–]n) which is completely insoluble in water, exactly the opposite of what one expects from the C/O ratios of these molecules. Similar anomalies exist for oligomeric and cyclic polyethers. To solve this apparent mystery, we use femtosecond vibrational and GHz dielectric spectroscopy with complementary ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the dynamics of water molecules solvating polyethers is fundamentally different depending on their C/O composition. The ab initio calculations and simulations show that this is not because of steric effects (as is commonly believed), but because the partial charge on the O atoms depends on the number of C atoms by which they are separated. Our results thus show that inductive effects can have a major impact on aqueous solubilities

Composition-Dependent Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs and Dynamics in Brønsted Acid-Base Mixtures

In recent years the interaction of organophosphates and imines, which is at the core of Brønsted acid organocatalysis, has been established to be based on strong ionic hydrogen bonds. Yet, besides the formation of homodimers consisting of two acid molecules and heterodimers consisting of one acid and one base, also multimeric molecular aggregates are formed in solution. These multimeric aggregates consist of one base and several acid molecules. The details of the intermolecular bonding in such aggregates, however, have remained elusive. To characterize compositiondependent bonding and bonding dynamics in these aggregates, we use linear and nonlinear infrared (IR) spectroscopy at varying molar ratios of diphenyl phosphoric acid and quinaldine. We identify the individual aggregate species, giving rise to the structured, strong, and very broad infrared absorptions, which span more than 1000 cm −1. Linear infrared spectra and density functional theory calculations of the proton transfer potential show that doubly ionic intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the acid and the base lead to absorptions which peak at ∼2040 cm −1. The contribution of singly ionic hydrogen bonds between an acid anion and an acid molecule is observed at higher frequencies. As common to such strong hydrogen bonds, ultrafast IR spectroscopy reveals rapid, ∼ 100 fs, dissipation of energy from the proton transfer coordinate. Yet, the full dissipation of the excess energy occurs on a ∼0.8−1.1 ps time scale, which becomes longer when multimers dominate. Our results thus demonstrate the coupling and collectivity of the hydrogen bonds within these complexes, which enable efficient energy transfer

Comparative flame structure investigation of normal and inverse turbulent non-premixed oxy-fuel flames using experimentally recorded and numerically predicted Rayleigh and OH-PLIF signals

The structure and characteristics of a turbulent inverse and normal oxy-fuel diffusion flame are investigated. Previous investigations reported in the literature looked at flame characteristics of laminar inverse diffusion flames and their differences to normal diffusion flames. Only few investigations are reported for turbulent inverse diffusion flames and they did not compare the results to the corresponding normal configuration. The present study uses a combined experimental and numerical approach to compare and analyze a turbulent non-premixed inverse oxy-fuel and a corresponding normal flame, both are non-piloted. Measurements were conducted using simultaneously recorded planar Rayleigh scattering and OH-LIF signals. Due to the significant variation of the effective Rayleigh cross section in mixture fraction space and the unknown OH quenching contributions, a comparison of derived quantities such as temperature and OH mole fraction is not possible. Therefore, the Rayleigh and OH-LIF signals were incorporated in the LES flamelet/progress variable approach used here. This allows for a direct comparison of experimentally recorded and numerically predicted Rayleigh and OH-PLIF signals for the flame structure analysis, which includes the joint PDF of both quantities. The two flames are compared in terms of the local flame structure. In addition, differences in the mixing field and especially in the location of turbulent/non-turbulent interface are investigated

A Further Note on Federal Causes of Action

In the article, I argue that federal causes of action ought to be treated as (1) distinct from substantive rights, (2) synonymous with the availability of a remedy (but not whether a remedy will in fact issue) and (3) distinct from subject matter jurisdiction (unless Congress instructs otherwise). This thesis is built principally on a historical recounting of the cause of action from eighteenth century England to twenty-first century America. In taking an historical approach, I did not mean to argue that federal courts are bound to adhere to centuries-old conceptions of the cause of action. I merely used history to show why the cause of action has taken on various identities and, further, why these identities have changed over time. By closely attending to these changes, we can better determine whether linguistic changes signal substantive changes in doctrine, or are simply loose language