Innovation sociale, un détour par les communs

Ce papier vise à faire dialoguer diverses littératures en vue de caractériser l’innovation sociale. Dans un premier temps, référence est faite à la fois aux travaux sur l’innovation ouverte (technologique) et à ceux sur l’innovation sociale. Alors que ces deux pans de littérature sont fortement dissociés, ils se rejoignent pourtant, dans certaines acceptions, sur leur focalisation sur le processus d’innovation, faisant la part belle aux démarches collaboratives, et sur leur questionnement du rapport à la propriété. C’est pourquoi le recours à la littérature sur les communs, mettant en avant le faire ensemble, des modes de gouvernance alternatifs et le partage, semble pertinent. Ce faisant, la « forme » innovation sociale proposée offre trois principaux avantages : ne pas diluer celle-ci dans certaines pratiques capitalistes, ne pas l’enfermer dans l’espace local et ne pas dissocier a priori innovation sociale et innovation technologique

Some Restrictions Abroad Affecting Corporations

A neutron detector concept based on solid layers of boron carbide enriched in 1 B has been in development for the last few years as an alternative for He-3 by collaboration between the ILL, ESS and Linkoping University. This Multi-Grid detector uses layers of aluminum substrates coated with (B4C)-B-10 on both sides that are traversed by the incoming neutrons. Detection is achieved using a gas counter readout principle. By segmenting the substrate and using multiple anode wires, the detector is made inherently position sensitive. This development is aimed primarily at neutron scattering instruments with large detector areas, such as time-of-flight chopper spectrometers. The most recent prototype has been built to be interchangeable with the He-3 detectors of IN6 at ILL. The 1 B detector has an active area of 32 x 48 cm(2). It was installed at the IN6 instrument and operated for several weeks, collecting data in parallel with the regularly scheduled experiments, thus providing the first side-by-side comparison with the conventional He-3 detectors. Results include an efficiency comparison, assessment of the in-detector scattering contribution, sensitivity to gamma-rays and the signal-to-noise ratio in time-of-flight spectra. The good expected performance has been confirmed with the exception of an unexpected background count rate. This has been identified as natural alpha activity in aluminum. New convertor substrates are under study to eliminate this source of background

Quadrupole moment of the 6− isomeric state in 66Cu: Interplay between different nuclear deformation driving forces

AbstractWe have measured the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the 6− isomeric state in 66Cu to be |Qs|=18.6(12) efm2. This state results from a weak coupling of the πp3/2 and the νg9/2 orbitals, which lead to sizable deformation at oblate and prolate shapes, correspondingly, in the 68Ni region. The interplay between these two different deformation-driving orbitals is observed at N=37 for the 6− state resulting in a most probable oblate shape

ELEMENTR : An R package for reducing elemental data from LA-ICPMS analysis of biological calcified structures

1. Elemental analysis of biological calcified structures (e.g. fish otoliths, mollusc shelves, coral skeletons or fish and shark bones) provides invaluable information regarding ecological processes for many aquatic species. Despite this importance, the reduction of the raw data obtained through Laser-ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) (i.e. the conversion of the machine raw signal into elemental concentrations) remains a challenge as the tools developed so far for carrying out this task have important limitations for aquatic ecologists. 2. Here, we introduce the elementr R-package which provides a handy, reliable and transparent way to reduce elemental data acquired from spot or transect LA-ICPMS analysis of biological calcified structures. This free and open-source software, implemented based on state-of-the-art literature, handles data from both standards and samples, allowing fast and simultaneous calculations of concentration for any chemical element, correction for potential machine drift, and realignment and averaging for sample replicates when needed. 3. The major attributes of elementr are: (i) its user-friendly graphical interface which provides widgets to set all the reduction settings (i.e. no programming skills are required to run it), (ii) its reactivity whereby the software continuously observes any setting change made by the user, re-calculates and displays all updated results, allowing therefore users to visually check the validity of their settings and to tune them if needed and (iii) an object oriented underlying that facilitates subsequent handling of LA-ICPMS data in R. 4. Despite the elementr design being most suited to the needs of aquatic ecologists, its use could be broadened to other research fields (i.e. geology, material engineering) due to its flexibility. Moreover, the open-source approach used for programming this software allows its expansion in order to refine calculation procedures or to add new functionalities

Getting a good start in life ? : a comparative analysis of the quality of lagoons as juvenile habitats for the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata in the Gulf of Lions

Temperate coastal lagoons are considered key habitats for several highly prized marine fishes, which colonise them as nurseries. Lagoons can, however, exhibit diverse abiotic and biotic conditions, with potential consequences for their quality as habitats. To investigate this, we compared size, body condition (Fulton's condition factor K and lipid classes), past growth rate (from otoliths) and sources of food web organic matter (OM), among group 0 juveniles of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. 1758, captured at the end of their first summer of residence in four lagoons of the Gulf of Lions in the NW Mediterranean (Mauguio, Thau, Bages and Salses-Leucate). These lagoons have different environmental conditions and freshwater inputs. Although age was similar for all lagoons, juveniles from Mauguio and Bages were significantly larger and heavier than those from Thau and Salses-Leucate. They were also in better condition, with higher white muscle triacylglycerol/sterol ratio (mean±SD 35.7±20.1 in Mauguio and 23.2±9.8 in Bages versus 15.1±15.2 in Thau and 7.4±7.9 in Salses-Leucate). All exhibited similar otolith growth rates for their larval marine phase (2.8 +/- 0.4 mu m day(-1)), but significant differences were found for the lagoon phase, with higher values in Mauguio and Bages (10.1±0.9 and 9.7± 1.0 &#956;m day-1, respectively) than those in Thau and Salses-Leucate (8.4 +/- 1.2 and 8.9 +/- 0.8 mu m day(-1), respectively). White muscle stable isotope analysis revealed that terrestrial carbon use by the juveniles was >33 % in Mauguio and <5 % in Salses-Leucate, with intermediate values (~15 %) in Thau and Bages. Although these effects on fish condition and growth rate may relate in part to differences in water salinity and dissolved oxygen in the four lagoons, it is probable that they are mostly related to differences in food web enrichment with terrestrial OM

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE OPTICAL-PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS HYDROGENATED SILICON NITROGEN ALLOYS PREPARED BY RF SPUTTERING

94335336

Temperature Effects On The Optical Properties Of Amorphous Hydrogenated Silicon Nitrogen Alloys Prepared By Rf Sputtering

Amorphous hydrogenated silicon nitrogen alloys with variable nitrogen concentration were prepared by the reactive RF sputtering method. The optical gap shows a drastic increase at an atomic N/Si ratio near unity. The variations of the optical gap and static refractive index were measured at different temperatures and after several heat treatments. Irreversible effects related to hydrogen evolution and changes in the microscopic structure were observed, the importance of which depends on the nitrogen concentration. © 1987 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division).943353364Kurata, Hirose, Osaka, Wide Optical-Gap, Photoconductive a-SixN1-x:H (1981) Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 20, p. L811Watanabe, Katoh, Yasui, Properties of Amorphous Films Prepared from SiH4-N2-H2Gas Mixture (1982) Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 21, p. L341Lucovsky, Yang, Chao, Tyler, Czubatyj, (1983) Phys. Rev. B, 28, p. 3234Knolle, Osenbach, (1985) J. Appl. Phys., 58, p. 1248Chaussat, Bustarret, Deneuville, Chemical heterogeneity in off stoichiometry a-SixNyHz from a collective vibrational modes study (1985) Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 77-78, p. 917Chayahara, Ueda, Hamasaki, Osaka, (1985) Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 24, p. 19Tessler, Alvarez, (1986) J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 83, p. 1Osenbach, Knolle, (1986) J. Appl. Phys., 60, p. 1408Sasaki, Kondo, Fujita, Sasaki, (1982) Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 21, p. 1394Makino, Composition and Structure Control by Source Gas Ratio in LPCVD SiN[sub x] (1983) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 130, p. 450Pan, Berry, (1985) J. Electrochem. Soc., 132, p. 3001Chaussat, Bustarret, Bruyere, Roleau, (1985) Physica, 129 B, p. 215Tsu, Lucovsky, Silicon nitride and silicon diimide grown by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1986) Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 4, p. 480Shimizu, Oozora, Morimoto, Kumeda, Ishii, (1982) Sol. Energy Mater., 8, p. 311Meaudre, Tardy, (1983) Sol. St. Commun., 48, p. 117Karcher, Ley, Johnson, Electronic structure of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated amorphous SiN_{x} (0≤x≤1.6): A photoemission study (1984) Physical Review B, 30, p. 1896J.I. Cisneros, H. Dias da Silva, M. Pereira and F. das Chagas Marques, Solar Energ. Mat., to be publishedMorimoto, Tsujomura, Kumeda, Shimizu, (1985) Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 24, p. 1394Lanford, Rand, (1978) J. Appl. Phys., 49, p. 2473Tsu, Lucovsky, Mantini, (1986) Phys. Rev. B, 33, p. 7069Carson, Schnatterly, (1986) Phys. Rev., 33 B, p. 2432Maeda, Nakamura, (1985) J. Appl. Phys., 58, p. 484M. Meaudre and R. Meaudre, Phi. Mag., to be publishedSample preparation and IR characterisation were made in the Institute of Physics, UNICAMPfor more details see ref. 17Bertrand, (1982) Thesis, , Montpellier, FranceDivrechy, Yous, Berger, Ferraton, Robin, Donnadieu, (1982) Thin Solid Films, 78, p. 235Leveque, (1979) Thesis, , Montpellier, FranceTauc, (1976) Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors, p. 159. , Ch. 4, J. Tauc, Plenum, RigaWemple, Didomenico, (1971) Phys. Rev. B, 3, p. 1338Donnadieu, Yous, Berger, Ferraton, Robin, (1981) J. de Phys., 42, pp. C4-C655Berger, (1985) Thesis, , Montpellier, FranceZuther, Hubner, Rogmann, (1979) Thin Solid Films, 61, p. 391Hasegawa, Matuura, Kurata, (1986) Appl. Phys. Lett., 49, p. 127