Scheduling language and algorithm development study. Volume 3, phase 2: As-built specifications for the prototype language and module library

Detailed specifications of the prototype language and module library are presented. The user guide to the translator writing system is included

Introduction

What are the strategies, modalities and aspirations of island-based, stateless nationalist and regionalist parties in the twenty-first century? Political independence is now easier to achieve, even by the smallest of territories; yet, it is not so likely to be pursued with any vigour by the world's various persisting sub-national (and mainly island) jurisdictions. Theirs is a pursuit of different expressions of sub-national autonomy, stopping short of independence. And yet, a number of independence referenda are scheduled, including one looming in Scotland in autumn 2014

siRNA carrying an (E)-vinylphosphonate moiety at the 5' end of the guide strand augments gene silencing by enhanced binding to human Argonaute-2

Efficient gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) in vivo requires the recognition and binding of the 5'- phosphate of the guide strand of an siRNA by the Argonaute protein. However, for exogenous siRNAs it is limited by the rapid removal of the 5'- phosphate of the guide strand by metabolic enzymes. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of human Argonaute-2 in complex with the metabolically stable 5'-(E)-vinylphosphonate (5'-E-VP) guide RNA at 2.5-A resolution. The structure demonstrates how the 5' binding site in the Mid domain of human Argonaute-2 is able to adjust the key residues in the 5'-nucleotide binding pocket to compensate for the change introduced by the modified nucleotide. This observation also explains improved binding affinity of the 5'-E-VP -modified siRNA to human Argonaute-2 in-vitro, as well as the enhanced silencing in the context of the trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNA in mice relative to the un-modified siRNA

Multi-vehicle Control in a Strong Flowfield with Application to Hurricane Sampling

A major obstacle to path-planning and formation-control algorithms in multi-vehicle systems are strong flows in which the ambient flow speed is greater than the vehicle speed relative to the flow. This challenge is espe-cially pertinent in the application of unmanned aircraft used for collecting targeted observations in a hurricane. The presence of such a flowfield may inhibit a vehicle from making forward progress relative to a ground-fixed frame, thus limiting the directions in which it can travel. Using a self-propelled particle model in which each particle moves at constant speed relative to the flow, this paper presents results for motion coordination in a strong, known flowfield. We present the particle model with respect to inertial and rotating reference frames and provide for each case a set of con-ditions on the flowfield that ensure trajectory feasibility. Results from the Lyapunov-based design of decentralized control algorithms are presented for circular, folium, and spirograph trajectories, which are selected for their potential use as hurricane sampling trajectories. The theoretical results are illustrated using numerical simulations in an idealized hurricane model. Nomenclature N Number of particles in the system k Particle index k = 1,..., N rk Position of k th particle with respect to inertial frame r̃k Position of k th particle with respect to rotating fram

Intellectual property management and technological entrepreneurship

This paper investigates the distinctive technology protection strategies of entrepreneurial technology firms. In contrast with much popular opinion, it is reported that intellectual property features more prominently in the business of small entrepreneurial firms than it does in the business of large, established mature firms. The intellectual property portfolios of technology firms of all sizes and ages exhibit a rich array of instruments in addition to patents for protecting technology, including trade secrets, trademarks and copyright, together with licenses to externally sourced technology. The intellectual property profiles of technology firms appear to be influenced by their context, organizational profiles and corporate goals and by the character of their technology

Sustained TL1A expression modulates effector and regulatory T-cell responses and drives intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily protein TNF-like 1A (TL1A) is the ligand for death receptor 3 (DR3). TL1A is induced on activated dendritic cells (DCs) and its expression has been linked to human inflammatory bowel disease. To address how TL1A might influence intestinal inflammation, we generated transgenic mice that constitutively express TL1A on DCs. TL1A transgenic mice developed striking goblet cell hyperplasia in the ileum that was associated with elevated interleukin (IL)-13 levels in the small intestine. IL-13- and IL-17-producing small intestinal lamina propria T cells were increased in TL1A transgenic mice. TL1A also enhanced regulatory T (Treg) cell turnover in vivo and directly stimulated Treg cell proliferation in vitro. The presence of TL1A attenuated the ability of Treg cells to suppress conventional T cells, an effect that required DR3 signaling in either conventional T cells or Treg cells. Our findings identify mechanisms by which chronic DR3 signaling could promote pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease.<br/

Performance in franchising: the effects of different management styles

Various theoretical approaches uphold the relevance of the relationship between the form of management and performance. Different management styles influence the relationships of agencies [Jensen, M.C. (1998). Foundations of organizational strategy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press], the cost of governing transactions [Williamson, O.E. (1985). The economics institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, relational contracting. New York, NY: Free Press], and the allocation of resources between the exploitation and exploration of activities [March, J.G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87], and this is manifested in firm performance. In light of these assumptions, this article presents an empirical verification of the relationship between the management of franchises and their performance, examining how different styles of management on the part of franchisers over their franchisees have significant effects on the growth and profits of franchiser firms.Peris-Ortiz, M.; Willoughby, MC.; Rueda Armengot, C. (2012). Performance in franchising: the effects of different management styles. Service Industries Journal. 32(16):2507-2525. doi:10.1080/02642069.2011.594876S250725253216Altinay, L., & Okumus, F. (2010). Franchise partner selection decision making. The Service Industries Journal, 30(6), 929-946. doi:10.1080/02642060802322275Child, J. (1972). Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice. Sociology, 6(1), 1-22. doi:10.1177/003803857200600101Combs, J. G., & Ketchen, D. J. (1999). CAN CAPITAL SCARCITY HELP AGENCY THEORY EXPLAIN FRANCHISING? REVISITING THE CAPITAL SCARCITY HYPOTHESIS. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 196-207. doi:10.2307/257092Combs, J. (2003). Why Do Firms Use Franchising as an Entrepreneurial Strategy?: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 443-465. doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(03)00019-9COMBS, J. G., KETCHEN, D. J., & IRELAND, R. D. (2006). Effectively managing service chain organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 35(4), 357-371. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2006.08.006Combs, J. G., Michael, S. C., & Castrogiovanni, G. J. (2009). Institutional Influences on the Choice of Organizational Form: The Case of Franchising. Journal of Management, 35(5), 1268-1290. doi:10.1177/0149206309336883Crook, T. R., Shook, C. L., Madden, T. M., & Morris, M. L. (2009). A review of current construct measurement in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), 387-398. doi:10.1007/s11365-009-0114-7Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Agency Problems and Residual Claims. The Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 327-349. doi:10.1086/467038Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of Ownership and Control. The Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325. doi:10.1086/467037Gillis, W. E., & Combs, J. G. (2009). Franchisor strategy and firm performance: Making the most of strategic resource investments. Business Horizons, 52(6), 553-561. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.07.001Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161. doi:10.2307/2092623Gupta, A. K., Smith, K. G., & Shalley, C. E. (2006). The Interplay Between Exploration and Exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 693-706. doi:10.5465/amj.2006.22083026Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper Echelons Theory: An Update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334-343. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.24345254Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. The Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193. doi:10.2307/258434Hindle, K., & Moroz, P. (2009). Indigenous entrepreneurship as a research field: developing a definitional framework from the emerging canon. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(4), 357-385. doi:10.1007/s11365-009-0111-xJensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. doi:10.1016/0304-405x(76)90026-xJensen, M. C., & Heckling, W. H. (1995). SPECIFIC AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 8(2), 4-18. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6622.1995.tb00283.xKlein, B., Crawford, R. G., & Alchian, A. A. (1978). Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process. The Journal of Law and Economics, 21(2), 297-326. doi:10.1086/466922Liu, W., Lepak, D. P., Takeuchi, R., & Sims, H. P. (2003). Matching leadership styles with employment modes: strategic human resource management perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 13(1), 127-152. doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(02)00102-xMarch, J. G. (1991). Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87. doi:10.1287/orsc.2.1.71Mitsuhashi, H., Shane, S., & Sine, W. D. (2008). Organization governance form in franchising: efficient contracting or organizational momentum? Strategic Management Journal, 29(10), 1127-1136. doi:10.1002/smj.702Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations. Organization Science, 3(3), 398-427. doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.398Ouchi, W. G. (1980). Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1), 129. doi:10.2307/2392231Gómez, R. S., González, I. S., & Vázquez, L. (2009). Multi-unit versus single-unit franchising: assessing why franchisors use different ownership strategies. The Service Industries Journal, 30(3), 463-476. doi:10.1080/02642060802252027Gómez, R. S., González, I. S., & Suárez, L. V. (2011). Service quality control mechanisms in franchise networks. The Service Industries Journal, 31(5), 713-723. doi:10.1080/02642060902833338Sarkees, M., & Hulland, J. (2009). Innovation and efficiency: It is possible to have it all. Business Horizons, 52(1), 45-55. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2008.08.002Sebora, T. C., & Theerapatvong, T. (2009). Corporate entrepreneurship: a test of external and internal influences on managers’ idea generation, risk taking, and proactiveness. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 331-350. doi:10.1007/s11365-009-0108-5Shane, S., & Foo, M.-D. (1999). New Firm Survival: Institutional Explanations for New Franchisor Mortality. Management Science, 45(2), 142-159. doi:10.1287/mnsc.45.2.142Shane, S., Shankar, V., & Aravindakshan, A. (2006). The Effects of New Franchisor Partnering Strategies on Franchise System Size. Management Science, 52(5), 773-787. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0449Shane, S. A. (1996). HYBRID ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR FIRM GROWTH AND SURVIVAL: A STUDY OF NEW FRANCHISORS. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 216-234. doi:10.2307/256637Shane, S. (2001). Organizational Incentives and Organizational Mortality. Organization Science, 12(2), 136-160. doi:10.1287/orsc.12.2.136.10108Tihula, S., & Huovinen, J. (2009). Incidence of teams in the firms owned by serial, portfolio and first-time entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 249-260. doi:10.1007/s11365-008-0101-4TSUI, A. S., PEARCE, J. L., PORTER, L. W., & TRIPOLI, A. M. (1997). ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO THE EMPLOYEE-ORGANIZATION RELATIONSHIP: DOES INVESTMENT IN EMPLOYEES PAY OFF? Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1089-1121. doi:10.2307/256928Valliere, D. (2008). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial framework conditions. 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(2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 991-995. doi:10.1002/smj.318Yin, X., & Zajac, E. J. (2004). The strategy/governance structure fit relationship: theory and evidence in franchising arrangements. Strategic Management Journal, 25(4), 365-383. doi:10.1002/smj.38

Gas hydrate on the northern Cascadia margin: regional geophysics and structural framework

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311 is based on extensive site survey data and historic research at the northern Cascadia margin since 1985. This research includes various regional geophysical surveys using a broad spectrum of seismic techniques, coring and logging by the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 146, heat flow measurements, shallow piston coring, and bottom video observations across a cold-vent field, as well as novel controlled-source electromagnetic and seafloor compliance surveying techniques. The wealth of data available allowed construction of structural cross-sections of the margin, development of models for the formation of gas hydrate in an accretionary prism, and estimation of gas hydrate and free gas concentrations. Expedition 311 established for the first time a transect of drill sites across the northern Cascadia margin to study the evolution of gas hydrate formation over the entire gas hydrate stability field of the accretionary complex. This paper reviews the tectonic framework at the northern Cascadia margin and summarizes the scientific studies that led to the drilling objectives of Expedition 311 Cascadia gas hydrate