Life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment by diabetes status among older Americans

Peer reviewe

Quantum walks: a comprehensive review

Quantum walks, the quantum mechanical counterpart of classical random walks, is an advanced tool for building quantum algorithms that has been recently shown to constitute a universal model of quantum computation. Quantum walks is now a solid field of research of quantum computation full of exciting open problems for physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians and engineers. In this paper we review theoretical advances on the foundations of both discrete- and continuous-time quantum walks, together with the role that randomness plays in quantum walks, the connections between the mathematical models of coined discrete quantum walks and continuous quantum walks, the quantumness of quantum walks, a summary of papers published on discrete quantum walks and entanglement as well as a succinct review of experimental proposals and realizations of discrete-time quantum walks. Furthermore, we have reviewed several algorithms based on both discrete- and continuous-time quantum walks as well as a most important result: the computational universality of both continuous- and discrete- time quantum walks.Comment: Paper accepted for publication in Quantum Information Processing Journa

A deletion at Adamts9-magi1 Locus is associated with psoriatic arthritis risk

Objective: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been associated with the risk to develop multiple autoimmune diseases. Our objective was to identify CNVs associated with the risk to develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA) using a genome-wide analysis approach. Methods: A total of 835 patients with PsA and 1498 healthy controls were genotyped for CNVs using the Illumina HumanHap610 BeadChip genotyping platform. Genomic CNVs were characterised using CNstream analysis software and analysed for association using the χ2 test. The most significant genomic CNV associations with PsA risk were independently tested in a validation sample of 1133 patients with PsA and 1831 healthy controls. In order to test for the specificity of the variants with PsA aetiology, we also analysed the association to a cohort of 822 patients with purely cutaneous psoriasis (PsC). Results: A total of 165 common CNVs were identified in the genome-wide analysis. We found a highly significant association of an intergenic deletion between ADAMTS9 and MAGI1 genes on chromosome 3p14.1 (p=0.00014). Using the independent patient and control cohort, we validated the association between ADAMTS9-MAGI1 deletion and PsA risk (p=0.032). Using next-generation sequencing, we characterised the 26 kb associated deletion. Finally, analysing the PsC cohort we found a lower frequency of the deletion compared with the PsA cohort (p=0.0088) and a similar frequency to that of healthy controls (p>0.3). Conclusions: The present genome-wide scan for CNVs associated with PsA risk has identified a new deletion associated with disease risk and which is also differential from PsC risk

Sexual Relationships in Hispanic Countries: a Literature Review

This is a pre-print of an article published in Current Sexual Health Reports. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00272-6Purpose of Review: Sexuality is a complex dimension for which culture seems to play an important role, particularly in countries that are more traditional. This review summarizes the knowledge about sexual relationships in Hispanic countries, considering sexual debut, attitudes, behaviors, and satisfaction. Recent Findings: In line with the literature reviewed, the sexual double standard seems to be continuing to influence sexual relationships. Some countries show more open expressions of sexuality based on the level of gender inequality or sexualized context, and within countries, variables such as religious commitment, family characteristics, and access to resources may play important roles in sexuality. Summary: Future research, policies, and interventions should consider these specific characteristics, including these forms of expression of sexuality, in the adjustment of cross-cultural and cross-national strategies

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Adopting the Standard Halo Model (SHM) of an isotropic Maxwellian velocity distribution for dark matter (DM) particles in the Galaxy, the most stringent current constraints on their spin-dependent scattering cross-section with nucleons come from the IceCube neutrino observatory and the PICO-60 C$_3$F$_8$ superheated bubble chamber experiments. The former is sensitive to high energy neutrinos from the self-annihilation of DM particles captured in the Sun, while the latter looks for nuclear recoil events from DM scattering off nucleons. Although slower DM particles are more likely to be captured by the Sun, the faster ones are more likely to be detected by PICO. Recent N-body simulations suggest significant deviations from the SHM for the smooth halo component of the DM, while observations hint at a dominant fraction of the local DM being in substructures. We use the method of Ferrer et al. (2015) to exploit the complementarity between the two approaches and derive conservative constraints on DM-nucleon scattering. Our results constrain $\sigma_{\mathrm{SD}} \lesssim 3 \times 10^{-39} \mathrm{cm}^2$ (6 $\times 10^{-38} \mathrm{cm}^2$) at $\gtrsim 90\%$ C.L. for a DM particle of mass 1~TeV annihilating into $\tau^+ \tau^-$ ($b\bar{b}$) with a local density of $\rho_{\mathrm{DM}} = 0.3~\mathrm{ GeV/cm}^3$. The constraints scale inversely with $\rho_{\mathrm{DM}}$ and are independent of the DM velocity distribution.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. To appear in Eur.Phys.J.

Differences in the progression of disability: a U.S.-Mexico comparison

Objectives: This article seeks to document the progression of disability in a developing country by implementing a model to examine how this process compares to a developed country. Methods: Data come from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), including a baseline survey in 2001 and a follow-up in 2003, and from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS), using the 2000 and 2002 waves. An ordinal logistic regression approach is used to examine a progression of disability that considers (a) no disability, (b) mobility problems, (c) mobility plus limitations with instrumental activities of daily living, (d) mobility plus limitations with activities of daily living (ADLs), (e) limitations in all three areas and (f) death. Results: In both data sets, approximately 44% of the sample remained in the same level of disability at the 2-year follow-up. However, the progression of limitations with two disabilities differs by gender in the MHAS but is consistent for both men and women in the HRS. Discussion: Our model reflects the importance of ADLs in the disablement process in Mexico. We speculate that the difference in lifetime risk profiles and cultural context might be responsible for the divergence in the progression of disability by gender. Keywords: Gender differences; HRS, Mexico; MHAS; Progression of disability; USA</p

Association between baseline glycemic markers (HbA1c) and 8-Year trajectories of functional disability

Background : This study assessed whether baseline (i) HbA1c (low [&lt;5.7%], intermediate [5.7%&ndash;6.4%], and high [&ge;6.5%]) and (ii) glycemic control (7% HbA1c cutoff) in participants with self-reported diabetes were associated with differential 8-year functional disability trajectories. Methods : We used data from the 2006&ndash;2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study for adults aged 50 years and older. Latent class mixture modeling was used to identify distinct functional disability trajectory classes. Multinomial logistic regression analysis examined the association between the newly constructed trajectories and baseline HbA1c levels, and glycemic control, respectively. Results : All participants (N&nbsp;= 5,966) were classified into four functional disability trajectory classes (no disability, low disability, low-increasing, and high-increasing). Participants with elevated HbA1c were at greater risk of being classified into the high-increasing (relative risk ratios = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25&ndash;2.11) trajectory class. Results showed significant effect modification by age and race. Three functional disability trajectories (no disability, low-increasing, and high-increasing) were identified for participants with self-reported diabetes (n&nbsp;= 1,119). There was no significant association between glycemic control in adults with self-reported diabetes and functional disability trajectory classes. Conclusions : Participants with intermediate HbA1c and elevated HbA1c were more likely to be classified into the trajectories with progressing disability over the study period. More research is needed to better understand the association between glycemic markers and functional disability trajectories. Such research may provide insights into improvements for clinical care, self-management, and public health interventions for both conditions

Fertility history and cognitive function in late life: the case of Mexico

Objectives: Mexico is aging rapidly, which makes identification of life-course factors influencing cognition a public health priority. We evaluate how the number of children one has relates to cognition in Mexico, a rapidly aging country that experienced fertility declines across recent cohorts of older people. Method: We analyze older adults (age 50+, n = 11,380) from the 2015 Mexican Health and Aging Study. Respondents were categorized by number of children ever born (0&ndash;1, 2&ndash;3, 4&ndash;5, 6+). Using ordinary least squares regression, we estimate independent associations between fertility history and cognition accounting for demographic, socioeconomic, health, and psychosocial factors. Results: We observed an inverse U-shaped relationship between number of children (peaking at 2&ndash;3 children) and cognitive function, regardless of gender. In regression analyses adjusted for confounding variables, having 0&ndash;1 (vs 2&ndash;3 children) was associated with poorer cognitive function only for females. Regardless of gender, having 6+ (vs 2&ndash;3 children) was associated with poorer cognitive function. These associations remained significant even after accounting for socioeconomic, health, employment, and psychosocial factors. Discussion: Our results suggest fertility history may play a role in late-life cognitive health and provide evidence that both low and high fertility may relate to poorer cognitive function. We discuss differences by gender

Cognitive functioning of U.S. adults by race and Hispanic origin

The U.S. older adult population is becoming increasingly diverse. The evidence from research using data from diverse older adult populations indicates that Hispanics have poorer performance on cognitive tests than older non-Hispanic whites (NHW). However, the evidence that older Hispanics are at an increased risk for Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease or related dementia (ADRD) than NHW is less clear. Interpreting the evidence from existing research on disparities between NHWs and Hispanics is complicated by the fact that few studies have differentiated between Hispanic subgroups by country of origin. In this chapter, we use the ethnic descriptor of Hispanic as interchangeable with Latino. We summarize the current evidence on disparities between Hispanics and NHW in cognitive functioning and ADRD, and factors that may contribute to these disparities. This summary focuses on the rationale for considering specific Hispanic populations when studying differences in cognitive functioning between Hispanics and NHWs. Finally, we present and discuss the findings from an analysis of data from the 2010 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 18,982) in which we examine differences in three cognitive domains by race/ethnicity, including four Hispanic subgroups. In this analysis, all Hispanic subgroups, except Cubans, had significantly lower scores for all cognitive domains compared to NHWs, with Puerto Ricans showing the lowest scores among Hispanics

The effect of educational attainment on cognition of older adults: results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2001 and 2012

Objective: This paper seeks to document changes in the effect of educational attainment on cognitive function of older adults in Mexico, and measure gender differences using data from two time periods. Methods: The data come from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), taking the cross-sections of adults aged 60 years or older interviewed in 2001 and 2012. We perform an OLS regression using standardized z-scores for five individual cognitive domains and for total cognition. Results: Total cognitive scores and educational attainment were higher for men than women in both years. When cognitive components were analyzed separately, women had higher verbal memory and verbal recall scores than men. The gender gap in overall cognition score was smaller in 2012 compared to 2001, while the gender gap in educational attainment was larger in 2012 than in 2001. Even though men had higher educational attainment than women, the effect of educational attainment on cognition was higher for women. Similarly, the difference between total scores for each task for men compared to women decreased between 2012 and 2001, except for verbal learning and verbal recall where the gender difference widened. Conclusions: If younger cohorts of women continue to progressively achieve higher levels of education, the gender gap in old-age cognition should close. Additional work should determine the mechanisms through which added formal education seems to translate into higher cognitive gains for women compared to men