Consideraciones para una descentralización fiscal: Pautas para la experiencia peruana

El proceso de descentralización es un proceso por el cual el gobierno central devuelve poderes políticos, económicos y sociales a los gobiernos subnacionales. Este proceso involucra aspectos de descentralización política, administrativa, fiscal y económica. Las ventajas asociadas a la descentralización están tanto por el lado económico, debido a la potencial mejora en la eficiencia del gasto público, como en la parte política, al apoyar un mayor proceso de democratización de la sociedad peruana. Los riesgos, por otro lado, están en la posibilidad que la pérdida del control fiscal por parte del gobierno central lleve a un problema de sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas. Debido a este potencial problema, este trabajo se centrará sobre la descentralización fiscal, analizando la parte de ingresos y las relaciones intergubernamentales establecidas a partir de los mecanismos de transferencias, la asignación de responsabilidad de gasto y los lineamientos para el endeudamiento subnacional.

An Experimental Review on Deep Learning Architectures for Time Series Forecasting

In recent years, deep learning techniques have outperformed traditional models in many machine learning tasks. Deep neural networks have successfully been applied to address time series forecasting problems, which is a very important topic in data mining. They have proved to be an effective solution given their capacity to automatically learn the temporal dependencies present in time series. However, selecting the most convenient type of deep neural network and its parametrization is a complex task that requires considerable expertise. Therefore, there is a need for deeper studies on the suitability of all existing architectures for different forecasting tasks. In this work, we face two main challenges: a comprehensive review of the latest works using deep learning for time series forecasting; and an experimental study comparing the performance of the most popular architectures. The comparison involves a thorough analysis of seven types of deep learning models in terms of accuracy and efficiency. We evaluate the rankings and distribution of results obtained with the proposed models under many different architecture configurations and training hyperparameters. The datasets used comprise more than 50000 time series divided into 12 different forecasting problems. By training more than 38000 models on these data, we provide the most extensive deep learning study for time series forecasting. Among all studied models, the results show that long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional networks (CNN) are the best alternatives, with LSTMs obtaining the most accurate forecasts. CNNs achieve comparable performance with less variability of results under different parameter configurations, while also being more efficient

Silicoaluminates as “support activator” systems in olefin polymerization processes

In this work we report the polymerization behaviour of natural clays (montmorillonites, MMT) as activating supports. These materials have been modified by treatment with different aluminium compounds in order to obtain enriched aluminium clays and to modify the global Brönsted/Lewis acidity. As a consequence, the intrinsic structural properties of the starting materials have been changed. These changes were studied and these new materials used for ethylene polymerization using a zirconocene complex as catalyst. All the systems were shown to be active in ethylene polymerization. The catalyst activity and the dependence on acid strength and textural properties have been also studied. The behaviour of an artificial silica (SBA 15) modified with an aluminium compound to obtain a silicoaluminate has been studied, but no ethylene polymerization activity has been found yet

La papa frente a la apertura económica.

Se hace un análisis de cultivo de la papa frente a la apertura económica, a través de la confrontación del entorno nacional e internacional del cultivo, y las ventajas competitivas, con el propósito de plantear mejoras en la eficiencia del proceso productivo del cultivo en el país. Se discute la política de apertura económica y sus efectos sobre la economía nacional. Se analiza el concepto de competitividad y se concluye que en el caso colombiano las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno como la liberación de importaciones de insumos y maquinaria agrícola, no se tradujeron en un mejoramiento de la competitividad por la interferencia monopolística de los importadores. Se expone la situación de producción y comercio mundial de la papa frente a la situación nacional del cultivo con énfasis en los costos de producción. Se ofrecen algunas recomendaciones para aumentar la eficiencia y competitividad en papa. Finalmente se hacen algunas consideraciones sobre los mercados interno y externo y la industrialización de la papa en ColombiaPapa-Solanum tuberosu

La gestión directiva y su impacto en la calidad educativa: reflexiones a partir de la recuperación de una intervención en un centro educativo de la ZMG

Trabajo que expone el proyecto de intervención realizado en una escuela de Guadalajara que tuvo el objetivo de elevar la calidad educativa. En el diagnóstico que se realizó, se encontró que existía un grave problema de disciplina y respeto entre la comunidad escolar, por lo que se definió que era necesario crear un ambiente propicio para que se lograra en los alumnos un aprendizaje significativo. De igual forma, se planteó como objetivo implementar el trabajo colegiado entre los docentes y generar materiales de apoyo para propiciar el aprendizaje en los alumnos

Determinación de los valores de esfuerzos estructurales para vigas de madera perfil Tipo I (Documento II)

Informe final de proyecto de investigación. Código del proyecto: 5402-1401-1008El proyecto tiene como fin determinar los valores de esfuerzo estructural de vigas de madera con perfil tipo I construidas a escala real con tres especies forestales de rápido crecimiento, para ser utilizadas como entre-pisos y techos

Anodic Behavior of Alloy 22 in Bicarbonate Media: Effect of Alloying

AbstractThe alloy 22 (UNS N06022) is one of the candidates for the manufacture of containers of radioactive waste high level. These containers provide services in natural environments characterized by multi-ionic solutions, it is estimated they could suffer three types of deterioration: general corrosion, localized corrosion (specifically crevice) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). It has been confirmed to produce cracking, requires the presence of bicarbonate and chloride ions. It has also determined that susceptibility to SCC could be related to the occurrence of an anodic peak in the polarization curves in these media to at potentials previous transpassive zone.The aim of this work is to study the anodic behavior of alloy 22 and its alloying effect in different media containing bicarbonate and chloride ions in different concentrations and temperatures.Polarization curves were made of alloy 22 (Ni-22% Cr-13% Mo), Ni-Mo (Ni-28, 5% Mo) and Ni-Cr (Ni-20% Cr) under the following conditions: 1mol/L NaCl at 90°C, and 1.148mol/L NaHCO3, 1.148mol/L NaHCO3 + 1 mol/L NaCl, 1.148mol/L NaHCO3 + 0.1mol/L NaCl at 90°C, 75°C, 60°C and 25°C.It was found that the alloy 22 has a current peak in the anodic at potential previous to transpassive zone, only when the medium has bicarbonate ions. Curves performed in 1mol/L NaCl did not show any anodic peak, in any of the alloys tested. The curves made to alloys Ni-Mo and Ni-Cr in the media with bicarbonate ions, allowed to determine that Cr, is responsible for the appearance of the anodic peak in the Alloy 22. The curves of alloy B-3 showed no current peak in the conditions studied. The potential, at which the peak appears in the Alloy 22 and Ni-Cr alloy, increases with decreasing temperature. It also presents a variation of the peak with the composition of the solution. When the chloride ion is added to bicarbonate solution, the peak is shifted potential and higher current densities, depending on the concentration of added chloride ions