Divergencia genética en poblaciones peruanas detectada a partir de las frecuencias haplotípicas del mtDNA y del gen nuclear MBL

Objectives: To advance in the knowledge of Peruvian populations’ origin in a phylogeographical context. Design: Population genetics study. Setting: Human Genetics Laboratory, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, and Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Martin de Porras, Lima, Peru. Participants: Seven Peruvian populations. Methods: Comparative analysis of mtDNA and MBL nuclear gene study results in seven Peruvian populations processed separately and then combined using PHYLYP 3.65 Program in order to obtain FST values of genetic differentiation; construction of distance trees by applying UPGMA algorithm and subsequent generated clusters’ analysis. Main outcome measures: Genetic trees. Results: Trees generated for each genetic marker had proper and distinct topologies among them. Combined processing resulted in a tree with higher values of genetic differentiation in Lago Titicaca Islands (Puno, Peru) Taquile, Amantani y Anapia, graded as very high because they showed 0.3113, 0.2949 y 0.3348 FST values with respect to the populations studied outside of Puno Department -like Chachapoyas, Pucallpa and Chiclayo-, as well as those of both Uro’s in same Puno and Lago Titicaca’s populations (0.2837). Out of Puno, the pair Chachapoyas-Pucallpa population was the least divergent with 0.0108 FST value between them, classifying as small. Conclusions: The tree obtained from markers by a combined matrix process determined that populations inhabiting in Taquile, Amantani y Anapia islands possess notable genetic divergence respect to the four remainders studied in Peru, including the Uro’s population geographically very close to them and within the same Lago Titicaca. Our next objective will be to explain these findings initially by increasing genetic markers and number of populations analyzed in Peru.Objetivos: Avanzar en el conocimiento del origen de las poblaciones peruanas estudiadas en un contexto filogeográfico. Diseño: Estudio genético poblacional. Instituciones: Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, e Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Martín de Porras, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Siete poblaciones peruanas. Metodología: Análisis comparativo de los resultados a partir del estudio del mtDNA y el gen nuclear MBL de siete poblaciones peruanas, procesados de manera separada y luego combinados, utilizando el programa PHYLYP 3.65, para obtener valores FST de diferenciación genética y la construcción de árboles de distancias por aplicación del algorritmo UPGMA y el análisis subsecuente de los agrupamientos (clusters) generados. Principales medidas de resultados: Árboles genéticos generados. Resultados: De manera separada, los árboles generados para cada marcador genético tuvieron topologías propias y diferentes entre sí. Procesados de manera combinada, el árbol resultante demostró que los mayores valores de diferenciación genética se hallaron en las Islas del Lago Titicaca (Puno, Perú) conocidas -Taquile, Amantani y Anapia-, que fue calificada como muy alta, porque mostró valores de FST de 0.3113, 0.2949 y 0.3348 respecto de las poblaciones estudiadas, tanto fuera del Departamento de Puno -como Chachapoyas, Pucallpa y Chiclayo, respectivamente-, así como a la de los Uro del mismo Puno y del mismo Lago Titicaca (0.2837). Fuera de Puno, el par de poblaciones Chachapoyas-Pucallpa fue el menos divergente, al alcanzar entre ellas un valor de FST de 0.0108, calificándosele de pequeña. Conclusiones: El árbol obtenido del procesamiento de los marcadores vía una matriz combinada demostró que las poblaciones que habitan las islas de Taquile, Amantani y Anapia, divergen notablemente de las restantes cuatro procesadas del Perú, incluyendo la más próxima a ellas dentro del mismo Lago Titicaca, como es la de los Uro. Explicar estos hallazgos será el siguiente objetivo de nuestras investigaciones, en principio, mediante la ampliación de los marcadores genéticos empleados y del número de poblaciones analizadas a nivel del Perú

Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: challenges to conservation

Andean slope: challenges to conservatio

Development and Evaluation of a New Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Serodiagnosis of Human Fasciolosis

Fasciolosis is an important plant-borne trematode zoonosis. This disease is of both clinical and veterinary relevance and, according to the WHO, is considered a re-emerging disease that is spreading around the world. Fasciolosis has a serious impact on health because of the large size of the parasite and the effects of the parasite in down-regulating the host immune response. Human fasciolosis can be distinguished by an acute phase, in which the parasite migrates through different tissues, and a chronic phase in which it invades the bile ducts. Here we describe the development of a rapid, simple and inexpensive immunochromatographic diagnostic method, based on the use of a recombinant cathepsin L1 protein, which performs better than other more complex indirect methods, providing similar specificity and higher sensitivity. The simplicity of the method represents a great advantage for the intervention systems applied in different endemic areas by WHO, such as passive case finding (e.g. Vietnam) and selective treatment (e.g. Egypt). Because of its characteristics, the system can be applied to both phases of the disease, and in holo, meso and hyperendemic areas where point-of-care testing is required

Ecos de la academia: Revista de la Facultad de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología - FECYT Nro 6

Ecos de la academia, Revista de la Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología es una publicación científica de la Universidad Técnica del Norte, con revisión por pares a doble ciego que publica artículos en idioma español, quichua, portugués e inglés. Se edita con una frecuencia semestral con dos números por año.En ella se divulgan trabajos originales e inéditos generados por los investigadores, docentes y estudiantes de la FECYT, y contribuciones de profesionales de instituciones docentes e investigativas dentro y fuera del país, con calidad, originalidad y relevancia en las áreas de ciencias sociales y tecnología aplicada.Modelos multidimensionales del bienestar en contextos de enseñanza- aprendizaje: una revisión sistemática. Nuevas tendencias para el área académica de la Publicidad en la zona 1 del Ecuador. Propuesta de un curso de escritura académica bajo la base de modelos experienciales. Aproximación al estudio de las emociones. Seguimiento a egresados y graduados para actualizar el perfil de egreso y profesional. Impacto de la Gerencia de Calidad en el clima organizacional en Educación Básica. Comunicación efectiva del gerente educativo orientada al manejo de conflictos en el personal docente. Meritocracia: Democratización o exclusión en el acceso a la educación superior en Ecuador. Asertividad y desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios. La creatividad en la formación profesional. Aspectos metodológicos en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la gimnasia en estudiantes de Educación Física. English Language Learning Interaction through Web 2.0 Technologies. La sistematización de la práctica educativa y su relación con la metodología de la investigación. El ozono y la oxigenación hiperbárica: una vía para mejorar la recuperación en lesiones deportivas. La labor tutorial: Independencia del aprendizaje en el contexto universitario. Motivación hacia la profesión docente en la Enseñanza Secundaria. El uso académico de Facebook y WhatsApp en estudiantes universitarios... La educación superior en Ecuador: situación actual y factores de mejora de la calidad. El Proyecto de Investigación “Imbabura Étnica”

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Ecoeconomy and sustainable development as principal concepts of a serious proposal for Perú

The forcefulness of the facts has shown an unquestionable truth: the life on Earth is sustained by a limited quantity of energy that is produced by organisms like the green plants. It is urgent to put into practice measures that assure the maintenance of at least such a quantity of energy. The growing deforestation rate and contamination (pollution), as by-products of the “modernity”, allows us to watch the seriously committed humanity’s future, not being necessary to wait to the generation of our children to appreciate their negative effects. In the beginning of the XXI century we already live them and inclusive we can even quantify them. It will be necessary to decide what to make in order to avoid one of the biggest ecological disasters: the asphyxia of the planet. The only formulas that can to avoid this outcome lie within the concept of Eco-Development or Sustainable Development, inspiring in the most revolutionary ideas in State philosophy—Eco-Economy. Here we offer some fundamental precepts on which Ecoeconomy is based, and we point out the dangers of not acting quickly enough according to their advice in countries that possess an enormous magnitude of biological diversity as the Peru (which is one of the top ten recognized worldwide). For Sustainable Development purposes, being megadiverse condition in a world of globalized markets amounts to an enormous strength, that can generate —provided there is a political will— an inexhaustible source of potentialities and opportunities, which could enable the country to reach significant and growing levels of benefits in the short, medium and long term

Karyotypes of Akodon orophilus Osgood 1913 and Thomasomys sp. (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) from Huánuco, Peru

Conventional chromosomal preparations were made of three native mice from Huánuco, Peru: a male and a female of Thomasomys sp., and a male of Akodon orophilus. Thomasomys sp. had a karyotype of 2n = 42, XY (n = 21), meanwhile A. orophilus presented 2n = 22, XY (n = 11). Comparisons between chromosomal pairs from the existent literature indicate that both are new karyotypes. Thomasomys sp. has a distinct sexual Y chromosome, the only metacentric (m) reported for the genus. The chromosomes X and Y of A. orophilus are acrocentrics (a); and the length of chromosome Y (2/3 of the length of X) distinguishes A. orophilus from other congeneric. Because the structural differences between the sexual chromosomes usually generates mechanism of reproductive isolation at intraspecific level and are bigger still in interspecific crosses, we concluded that the karyotypes reported here support the validity of the species A. orophilus and suggest that Thomasomys sp. represents a new species to science

Rhinella yanachaga Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges & Córdova, 2007, new species

Rhinella yanachaga new species Holotype: MHNSM 19994 (Fig. 1), an adult male from Provincia de Pasco, Departamento de Pasco, National Park Yanachaga-Chemillén, W side of the Cordillera Yanachaga near Río San Alberto (= 2.9 km N, 5.5 km E [airline] Oxapampa), ca. 1 km N, 14 km E. Oxapampa by road on trail, 2600 m elevation, Peru, obtained by J. Icochea on an unknown date in the late 1990 s. Paratypes: 29, all from Provincia de Pasco, Departamento de Pasco, Cordillera de Yanachaga, Peru: 14 females (MHNSM 24510 –17, 24519– 22, MTD 46896 – 97), two males (MHNSM 24509, MTD 46895); 12 juveniles (MHNSM 24518, 24523– 30, MTD 46898 – 200), all collected by J. Icochea; one juvenile (RMNH 27069) collected at the type locality between 29 June and 1 July 1987 by S. B. Hedges. Referred specimens: two (USNMFS 171096: adult male, 171095: adult female) collected at the type locality between 29 June and 1 July 1987 by S. B. Hedges. Diagnosis. A medium-sized species of Rhinella attaining a maximum SVL of 45.7 mm in adult females (MHNSM 24510). The new species is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) canthus rostralis distinct, orbitotympanic and postorbital crests weak (Fig. 2); prominent vertical keel on snout (2) tympanum distinct, oval; (3) parotoid glands moderately large (about same size as ED), subtriangular, not contacting eye; (4) numerous small, tubercles (keratin-tipped in males) scattered on dorsal surfaces of body; (5) forearm moderately long, slim in females, hypertrophied in males (Fig. 3); (6) weakly defined dorsolateral row of slightly enlarged, conical tubercles; (7) tarsal fold absent; (8) webbing on hands and feet fleshy (Fig. 4); (9) first finger shorter than second; (10) males with vocal slits and small keratinous spines on Fingers I and II. We assign Rhinella yanachaga tentatively to the veraguensis Group sensu Duellman and Schulte (1992) based on its distribution and morphological similarities to species in that group. Two species of the veraguensis Group are known from cloud forests of central Peru (Fig. 5)— Rhinella chavin and R. multiverrucosa. Rhinella yanachaga is easily distinguished from both by being smaller (maximum SVL 45.7 mm vs. 64.9 mm in R. chavin, 68.9 mm in R. multiverrucosa), by having long, relatively slender extremities with enlarged, conical tubercles (short, stout, with large, flat, elongate warts). Males of R. chavin, R. multiverrucosa, and R. yanachaga have keratinous nuptial pads on Fingers I and II, but R. yanachaga has vocal slits (absent in R. chavin, and R. multiverrucosa) and hypertrophied arms (not hypertrophied in R. chavin, and R. multiverrucosa). Other arboreal species of Rhinella include R. arborescandens, R. manu, and R. tacana. Rhinella yanachaga differs from these species by having, a tympanic membrane (absent in R. arborescandens), and well developed webbing on hands and feet (absent in R. arborescandens). Rhinella yanachaga differs from R. manu by lacking a tarsal fold (present in R. manu), by having parotoid glands about as large as eye diameter (larger), a tan venter with brown flecks (red with dark blotches), males with vocal slits (absent), and keratinious Rhinella yanachaga is most similar to R. tacana from northern Bolivia: both have long, slender extremities, snout with a vertical keel, and males with vocal slits, but R. yanachaga is larger (maximum SVL 45.7 mm vs. 34.2 mm in R. tacana), has weakly defined dorsolateral rows of slightly enlarged, conical tubercles (dorsolateral row more prominent in R. tacana), enlarged tubercles on dorsal surfaces of tibia and tarsus, and outer ventrolateral surface of tarsus (extremities without enlarged tubercles), has webbing between Fingers I and II well developed (basal, almost absent), males with keratinous nuptial pads on Fingers I and II (restricted to Finger I), males with hypertrophied arms (arms not hypertrophied), iris olive brown or bronze with black reticulations (iris green). Description of the holotype. Body moderate to slender; head slightly broader than long; snout slightly pointed in dorsal profile, protruding in lateral profile (Fig. 2); snout with a distinct vertical keel, bearing two small, keratin-tipped tubercles; canthus rostralis more distinct anteriorly than posteriorly, covered with small tubercles each with single keratinized tip, conical in profile; orbitotympanic and postorbital crests distinct, covered with small keratin-tipped tubercles; dorsum of head flat, skin co-ossified with underlying cranial bones; interorbital distance greater than eyelid width; internarial area concave; nostrils protuberant, directed laterally; loreal region concave; lips rounded; small V-shaped notch at symphysis of upper jaw; oral ricti positioned at level of tympanum; tympanum diameter smaller than eye diameter; tympanic annulus a narrow rim anterolaterally, slightly covered by small tubercles on left side of head, dorsal and posteroventral margins indistinct, not in contact with parotoids or postorbital crests; skin on dorsum with numerous small, round, elevated tubercles, conical in profile, bearing single keratinized tip on anterior half of body; posterior half of dorsum less spinous and with larger tubercles than on anterior half of body; parotoid glands ovoid in dorsal view, subtriangular in dorsolateral view, longer than wide, widest posteriorly, slightly smaller than upper eyelid, descending onto side of head without contacting eye; upper eyelid with conical keratin-tipped tubercles, largest on outer margin. Flanks with lower density of tubercles than dorsum, but with few, slightly enlarged tubercles (left side five tubercles, right side two tubercles) between arm and leg insertion, not forming a distinct dorsolateral fold; skin of throat, chest, and venter granular; granules on venter larger than those on chest and throat; ventrolateral row of enlarged tubercles absent; arms long, hypertrophied (Fig. 3 A); hands relatively large with long fingers; relative length of adpressed fingers 1 <2 <4 <3; webbing fleshy; webbing formula of fingers I 1–2 II 2– 3 III 3 – 3 IV (Fig. 4 A); lateral fringes broad; tips of digits terminating in indistinct discs; subarticular tubercles ovoid in ventral aspect, flat in profile; supernumerary tubercles numerous, about 25 % as large as subarticular tubercles; palmar tubercle large and round, flat in profile, about four times size of thenar tubercle; thenar tubercle ovoid, round in profile; limbs long, slim; tibia length shorter than foot length; tarsal fold absent; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, flat in profile, twice and a half the size of outer metatarsal tubercle; outer metatarsal tubercle ovoid, conical in profile; toes relatively long; relative length of adpressed toes 1 <2 <3 <5 <4; fleshy webbing; webbing formula of toes I 1 – 1 II 1–11 / 2 III 1–21 / 2 IV 3 – 2 -V (Fig. 4 B); broad lateral fringes present; subarticular tubercles ovoid in ventral aspect, flat in profile; supernumerary tubercles numerous about 35 % as large as subarticular tubercles. Skin texture of dorsal surface of forearms as on dorsum; dorsal surface of tibia with enlarged tubercles (4– 6 times the size of tubercles on dorsum), ovoid in dorsal view, conical in profile; ventral surface and outer ventrolateral surface of tarsus with many enlarged round to ovoid tubercles, conical in profile; outer dorsolateral margin of foot with numerous enlarged round to ovoid tubercles; cloacal opening protuberant, directed ventrally near lower level of thighs (Fig. 3 C); inguinal fat bodies absent; choanae small, ovoid; maxillary, premaxillary, mandibular, and vomerine teeth absent; tongue elongate, three times as long as wide, about equal in width throughout its length, free posteriorly for about two fifths its length; vocal slits nearly straight, located bilaterally at posterior half of mouth floor between tongue and margin of jaw. Measurements (in mm) of holotype: SVL: 38.4; TL: 12.8; FL: 16.4; HL: 11.3; HW: 12.0; ED: 2.1; TY: 1.2; IOD: 3.6; EW: 2.5; IND: 2.5; E–N: 2.8; PL: 4.0; PW: 2.9. Coloration of holotype in preservative: Dorsum brown, parotoids brownish orange; narrow tan middorsal stripe extending from snout to cloaca; broad, tan dorsolateral stripe on each side of flanks extending from parotoids to groin; flanks ventrolaterally with weakly defined broad, brown stripe beginning behind tympanum and extending to inguinal region; tympanum dark brown; upper lip cream with dark brown bar below eye, and below tympanum; throat, chest and venter tan with minute grayish-brown spots; ventral surfaces of hands and feet gray. Coloration of holotype in life unknown. Variation. Descriptions of coloration in life for an adult male, adult female, and a juvenile are based on field notes by S. B. Hedges: The adult male (USNMFS 171096, Fig. 6) was very dark brown dorsally with small, irregular, green spots and markings; most situated just above the dorsolateral row of tubercles and with one large green blotch on the right side just behind the parotoid glands. The sides (below dorsolateral row of tubercles) were reddish brown and the upper lip was reddish brown with green flecks. The ventral surface was orange brown and had small green spots on the chin, darker brown flecks on the belly, and very dark brown or black markings under the limbs. The iris was olive brown. The female (USNMFS 171095) was tan dorsally with light brown markings. The narrow middorsal stripe was yellowish with small irregular black markings on each side. The sides were dark brown with a greenish spot posterior to the tympanum and above the axillary region. The ventral surface was mottled with brown (reddish brown on chest) and had a faint yellowish midventral line. The eyes were bronze. The type series shows some variation in coloration pattern: Four (MHNSM 24520, 24522, 24526, USN- MFS 171095) specimens have a tan middorsal stripe as described for the holotype, and several specimens (e.g., MHNSM 24511, 24514, MTD 46899 - 900) have small, ovoid black flecks on the dorsum, and others (e.g., MHNSM 24511, 24518, 24525, MTD 46899) a dark brown X-shaped blotch on head and shoulder. Ventral coloration varies from tan with few grayish brown flecks (MHNSM 24517) to tan and brown mottled (MTD 46895) to dark brown with tan flecks (MHNSM 24510). There is obvious sexual dimorphism in skin texture: Dorsal skin of males is spinose because of keratintipped tubercles; skin of females smooth without keratin-tipped tubercles. Furthermore, all males have vocal slits, nuptial pads on dorsal and inner lateral surfaces of thumb and on dorsal surface of second finger, and arms are hypertrophied, whereas arms of females are slim (Fig. 3 A, B). The cloaca is more protuberant in males than in females and the opening is directed ventrally in males, whereas in females laterally (Fig. 3 C, D). Females are slightly larger than males (maximum SVL in females 45.7 mm vs. 41.6 mm in males). Crests are more prominent in adult than in juvenile specimens, and are most prominent in an adult female (MHNSM 24513). All have the snout with a distinct vertical keel which is more prominent in adults. The dorsolateral row of tubercles is generally weakly defined or indistinct, as the tubercles do not differ much in size compared to other dorsal tubercles, but in some specimens (MHNSM 24510) is the dorsolateral row is more distinct as the tubercles coalesce. For measurements of the type series of adult R. yanachaga, see Table 1; for ranges and proportions see Table 2. Comparative cranial osteology. The skull of Rhinella yanachaga generally resembles those of other R. veraguensis Group species, but certain cranial features of this taxon are notably different. Detailed comparative osteological descriptions and illustrations for other species in the R. veraguensis Group are provided elsewhere (Lehr et al. 2005, Pramuk 2006, Chaparro et al. 2007). The skull of R. yanachaga is broadly rounded anteriorly and is wider than long with the greatest width being at the level of the quadratojugals (Fig. 7 A–C). The dorsal surfaces of the dermal bones are relatively smooth and are not exostosed or ornamented with pits and rugosities (as they are in R. multiverrucosa and to a lesser extent in R. chavin and R. veraguensis). Of the five veraguensis Group species examined osteologically (Appendix 1), the skull of R. yanachaga is most similar in structure to the crania of R. chavin, R. manu, and R. veraguensis and in overall appearance and skull proportions, this species most closely resembles R. manu. Both of these species have similarly broad, rectangular, and flattened frontoparietals broadly contacting the medial surfaces of the otic rami of the squamosals (forming a complete temporal arcade sensu Lynch 1971). In contrast, the frontoparietals of R. veraguensis do not contact broadly the otic rami and are slightly expanded dorsolaterally, creating relatively well-developed supraorbital crests. In R. yanachaga, supraorbital crests are weakly developed. Relative to most other bufonids, species of the R. veraguensis Group have relatively lightly to moderately ossified skulls, a consequence of which is exposure of the dorsal surface of the sphenethmoid. The sphenethmoid of R. yanachaga is exposed to a greater extent than it is in other species of this group. The nasals and frontoparietals barely contact one another laterally whereas they do in all other species examined, yielding a distinctively triangular appearance to the exposed surface of the sphenethmoid. In R. yanachaga, R. manu and R. veraguensis, only the lateral-most edges of the premaxillae are visible in dorsal view (in R. chavin, and R. multiverrucosus, the In ventral view (Fig. 7 B), the premaxillae and maxillae of R. chavin, R. multiverrucosa, and R. yanachaga are deeper and more robust than those of R. veraguensis. Moreover, in dorsal view the maxillae of R. chavin, R. manu, R. multiverrucosa, and R. yanachaga are angled posterolaterally to a greater degree from their point of contact with the premaxillae than they are in R. veraguensis yielding a relatively more rounded appearance to the maxillary arcade of this species. Rhinella yanachaga, R. chavin R. manu, and R. multiverrucosa have a narrow ridge present on the ventral surface of the parasphenoid that extends from the point of contact of the medial ramus of the pterygoid and parasphenoid to the medial point of the parasphenoid. A ridge on the parasphenoid also is present in R. veraguensis; however, it is only present medially and does not extend to the point where the pterygoid contacts the parasphenoid. In ventral view, the anterior edge of the cultriform process of the parasphenoid is dramatically truncated (similar to the condition seen in R. manu); in other species it is relatively more acuminate with R. veraguensis displaying the most acuminate condition. The vomers are robust in R. veraguensis and have distinctive postchoanal and prechoanal processes; whereas, in R. yanachaga, R. chavin R. manu, and R. multiverrucosa, the vomers are more slender and lack well-developed postchoanal processes. In lateral view (Fig. 7 C), R. yanachaga has a relatively shallow braincase similar to that of R. veraguensis (compared to the relatively deep skulls of R. chavin and R. multiverrucosa). As with all members of the R. veraguensis Group, the posterior part of the braincase, including the occipital condyles, extends well beyond the posterior edge of the jaw symphysis; columellae are present and columnar. The quadratojugals of R. yanachaga are relatively small like those of R. veraguensis and R. manu (compared to the relatively robust quadratojugals of R. chavin and R. multiverrucosa). Unlike other members of the veraguensis Group, the anteroventral edge of the nasal of R. yanachaga abuts the anterior edge of the maxilla. Distribution and ecology. Rhinella yanachaga is only known from the Cordillera Yanachaga in the National Park Yanachaga Chemillén (Fig. 5). This park contains the Cordillera de Yanachaga that reaches an elevation of 3643 m, and descends into the valley of the Río Palcazu. The park extends westward to the Cordillera de Santa Bárbara reaching an elevation of 3400 m and is separated from the Cordillera de Yanachaga by the deep canyon of the Río Huancabamba. Thus, Rhinella yanachaga occurs in a protected region that encompasses forested slopes of the Andes. The type locality is reached from Oxapampa by trail, as described in Hedges (1990). Habitat at the type locality is cloud forest with a thick layer of moss covering the ground and tree trunks. Three specimens (RMNH 27069, USNMFS 171095, 1710096), were collected between 29 June and 1 July 1987 at night. One adult male (USNMFS 171096) was found beneath a layer of moss and dirt about 10–20 cm below the surface on the side of the trail. The other (USNMFS 171095) was found resting on the tops of leaves (ca. 50 cm above the ground) along the trail. Other specimens were found in trees (J. Icochea, personal communication). Syntopic species include Phrynopus bracki, Pristimantis mendax, and P. sagittulus. One gravid female (MHNSM 24510, SVL 45.7 mm) was dissected and contained 136 (left ovary: 66; right ovary: 70) unpigmented eggs, which are pale orange in preservative, similar to those of Pristimantis or Phrynopus. The call and tadpole of R. yanachaga are unknown. Etymology. The specific name yanachaga is derived from Quetchuan and means black. The name is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the Cordillera Yanachaga where the new species was found.Published as part of Lehr, Edgar, Pramuk, Jennifer B., Hedges, Blair & Córdova, Jesús H., 2007, A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park in central Peru, pp. 1-14 in Zootaxa 1662 on pages 2-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17996

Respuesta de híbridos trilineales y probadores de maíz en valles altos del centro de México

The identification of hybrids formed with three outstanding lines with germplasm from different research institutions could contribute to increase the heterosis in grain's yield and the stability of maize planted in the High Valleys of Central Mexico. This work was conducted in 2009 in ten environments of this region with the aim to identifying outstanding genetic material. In an alpha lattice experimental design with two 8¿5 replicates per environment, we evaluated 40 genotypes of maize: early white trilinear 32 hybrids, four single crosses (testers) and four controls from CIMMYT. The most outstanding results indicated the following: a) the environments recorded with a higher production than 9.5 t ha-1 were Tlahuelilpan, Batán (+) and Batán (AC) but, Tlaxcoapan was the one with average stability and yield b) fifteen cob genotypes had statistically similar yields between 8.2 and 9.4 t ha-1, but the nones with the highest production were identified by the codes 21, 28, 27, 29 and 20 (CMS989001//Mexico gpo. 10; CMS 989003//Tuxpeño Cream 1; CMS 989003//SB1; CMS 989003//Mexico gpo. 10; CMS 989001//Tuxpeño Cream 1), with very acceptable arithmetic means in favorable environments and under conditions of low fertility and drought, but unstable, due that, out of these, only genotype 27 was the most stable over the ten contrasting environments. The best testers were identified by codes 35 and 36 [CMS 989 001 (P3) and CMS 989 003 (P4)], both with 9.3 t ha-1. The best trilinear hybrid control was identified with the key 39 and, the origin CMT 089,005, with 8.5 t ha-1. The best control and, the best testing had ear yields statistically identical as the 15 most outstanding hybrids. The subgroput of genotypes composed of the five trilinear hybrid and, the two testers, with the largest ear productions, are the most prominent genetic material for use in a new breeding program, and generate production technology or planting recommendation trade in this region of Mexico.La identificación de híbridos de tres líneas sobresalientes formados con germoplasma, proveniente de diferentes instituciones de investigación, podría contribuir a incrementar la heterosis en rendimiento de grano y la estabilidad de los maíces que se siembran en los Valles Altos del centro de México. El presente trabajo se realizó en 2009 en diez ambientes de esta región, con el objetivo de identificar material genético sobresaliente. En un diseño experimental alpha látice 8â��5 con dos repeticiones por ambiente, fueron evaluados 40 genotipos de maíz: 32 hí­bridos trilineales blanco precoz, cuatro cruzas simples (probadores) y cuatro testigos del CIMMYT. Los resultados más sobresalientes indicaron lo siguiente: a) los ambientes donde se registró una producción de mazorca mayor a 9.5 t ha-1 fueron Tlahuelilpan, Batán (+) y Batán (AC), pero Tlaxcoapan fue el ambiente con rendimiento y estabilidad promedio, b) quince genotipos tuvieron rendimientos de mazorca estadísticamente iguales entre 8.2 y 9.4 t ha-1, pero los de mayor producción fueron los identificados con los códigos 21, 28, 27, 29 y 20 (CMS989001//México gpo. 10; CMS 989003//Tuxpeño Crema 1; CMS 989003//SB1; CMS 989003//México gpo. 10; CMS 989001//Tuxpeño Crema 1), con promedios aritméticos muy aceptables en ambientes favorables y en condiciones de baja fertilidad y sequía pero inestables, debido que de éstos sólo el genotipo 27 fue el más estable a través de los diez ambientes contrastantes. Los mejores probadores fueron los identificados con los códigos 35 y 36 [CMS 989001 (P3) y CMS 989003 (P4)], ambos con 9.3 t ha-1. El mejor testigo fue el hibrido trilineal identificado con la clave 39 y con el origen CMT 089005, con 8.5 t ha-1. El mejor testigo y los mejores probadores tuvieron rendimientos de mazorca estadísticamente iguales que los 15 híbridos más sobresalientes. El subconjunto de genotipos integrado por los cinco híbridos trilineales y por los dos probadores, con las mayores producciones de mazorca, constituyen el material genético más sobresaliente, para emplearse en un nuevo programa de mejoramiento genético, y generar tecnologí­a de producción o para recomendación en siembra comercial en esta región de México